42.High School English Reading Listening

For those who study the development of intelligence (智力) in the animal world，self-awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware (意识) of itself has a high level of intelligence.
　　Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image (反射出的影像). Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans，and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins，have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.
　　Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self-reflection test.
　　“We thought that elephants were the next important animal，”said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B. M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains，Reiss said, elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins.”
　　The researchers tested Happy. Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals' play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.
　　The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it，and to examine parts of their bodies.
　　Of the three, Happy then passed the test，in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror, and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.
　　Diana Reiss said，“We knew elephants were intelligent, but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.”
译文：
对于那些研究动物世界中智力发展的人来说，自我意识是一个重要的衡量标准。一个能意识到自己的动物就有很高的智力水平。
　　意识可以通过研究动物是否在镜子中认出自己，也就是自己的反射影像来测试。许多动物在这一测试中失败得很惨，它们很少注意到反射的影像。只有人类，以及一些聪明的动物，如猿猴和海豚，已经被证明能够认出镜子中的影像是它们自己。
　　现在又有一种动物加入了这个俱乐部。在《美国国家科学院院刊》上，研究人员报告说，一头亚洲大象已经通过了镜子的自我反射测试。
　　"我们认为大象是下一个重要的动物，"野生动物保护协会的Diana Reiss说，她是这项研究的作者，与埃默里大学的Joshua M. Plotnik和Fans B. M. de Waal合作。Reiss说，大象拥有庞大的大脑，"似乎就像猿猴和海豚的表亲"。
　　研究人员测试了快乐。Maxine和Patty，布朗克斯动物园的三头大象。他们在动物游戏区的墙上挂了一面8英尺见方的镜子（不在动物园游客的视线范围内），并用摄像机记录下所发生的一切，包括镜子里的一个。
　　大象用它们的长鼻子去寻找镜子后面的东西，并检查它们身体的各个部分。
　　在这三头大象中，Happy通过了测试，在她的一侧脸上画上了一个清晰的标记。她可以通过照镜子知道这个标记在那里，并且她用镜子用她的长鼻子去触摸这个标记。
　　戴安娜-雷斯说："我们知道大象很聪明，但现在我们可以用更好的方式来谈论它们的智力。
重点词汇：
智力 intelligence ; mentality ; habitus ; intellect
that is 即 ; 用于纠正之前说过的内容
意识 be conscious of ; be aware of ; awake to ; realize
high level 高水平；高电平；高能级
very little 寸；半；无几；微乎其微
have been 来过