3册-006******************************

主题：独立主格结构 

一. 独立主格结构的介绍

1. “独立主格结构”—>“名词代词当老大的结构”

2. 谁，是一个句子的老大？

凯撒大帝：Veni, Vidi, Vici. —> I came; I saw; I conquered.

我来到了(这片土地), 我看到了(这片土地), 我征服了(这片土地）。

3. 当作主语的名词／代词起义造反，推翻谓语动词的统治......

谓语动词的替代品：

1）“非谓语动词”：现在分词doing, 过去分词done，以及不定式to do；

2）“其他七七八八的结构”：副词、形容词、介词短语。

4. 替代品VS谓语动词: 谁的能量大？谁有能量供给一个句子？

1）The car’s horn was blaring. 汽车的喇叭按得震天响。

2）the car’s horn blaring

3）The car’s headlights were on. 汽车的车前灯开着。

4) the car’s headlights on

结论：2）4）里的blaring和on都依附于前方的名词，受到名词的领导，构成”名词＋非谓语／副词／形容词／介词短语”的结构。这下，名词终于上位成了老大了！

5. 短语PK句子

6. 短语的优势：

1）短语身材小巧，特别轻便，没了谓语动词的大能量块，短语就像减肥成功的苗条人士，灵活自如，可以安放在一个完整句子的前面或者后面。

比如，1)The car roared down the street，its horn blaring.

Its horn blaring,the car roared down the street

2) The car roared down the street, its headlights on.

Its headlights on,the car roared down the street.

这类短语虽然不是句子，但是，它在含义上却与“主谓”结构的句子一模一样，请大家看，上面例句中划线部分，its headlights on, 怎么翻译？“它的车前灯开着”，不就和完整句Its headlights were on.意思完全相同的吗？

结论：

既然含义一样，从语用经济的角度来说，当然是采用短语表达更合算；在信息量传递不变的前提下，用词越少越好。

二.  “名词当老大结构” VS “分词作状语结构”

1.  回忆第二课中讲过的“分词作状语结构”：

When he looked at his watch,he saw that it was one o’clock.

2. “状语从句”—>“分词作状语结构”的转化三步曲：

1）去除从句的连接词when；

2）去除从句的主语he；

3）处理谓语动词looked at—>looking at

3. 思考：为什么能够去除主语？

When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock.

 结论：原来的从句和主句，主语必须一致。

4. 思考：原来从句和主句的主语不一致，怎么办？

The car roared down the street (as its headlights) were on.

 —> The car roared down the street, being on.

分析：主句主语是the car, 从句主语是its headlights，一旦将its headlights去掉，后面的being on的逻辑主语就只能是the car, “车灯亮着”是可以的，但是“车子亮着”就解释不通了。

5. 解决方案：“名词代词当老大结构”华丽登场！专治前后主语不一致的尴尬窘境！

6. 三部曲变成两部曲：主语保留！主语保留！主语保留！重要的说三遍！

两部曲：1）去掉连接词

2）处理谓语动词：只保留分词doing,done和不定式to do;

原句里有be动词的，be动词直接去掉。

—> The car roared down the street (as) its headlights (were) on.

—> The car roared down the street (as) its horn (was) blaring.

结论：

“名词代词当老大的结构”官方之所以称为“独立主格“, 正是因为短语中的逻辑主语与句子主语并不一致。短语自立门户，由名词带领各种非谓语成分，自成体系，独立存在，游离在句子外围。

三.  回归课文

The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights onand its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. 

宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街。

分析：

1. 2处独立主格连用：

its headlights on “名词＋副词”；

its horn blaring “名词＋现在分词”；

2. 在名词的前方, 也可以添加with, 强调伴随意味；不加也可以。

3. 如何在故事中高速推进情节发展？

随堂练：将下列从句改成“独立主格结构”

1.After the monster was killed, the hero rested his sword. 

 将妖怪杀死之后，英雄放下了他的剑。

答案：The monster killed, the hero rested his sword.

2. When the meeting was over, we all went home. 

散会后，我们都回家了。

答案：The meeting over, we all went home.

3. Since he and I had reconciled our differences, the project then went on wonderfully.

自从他和我调和了分歧，项目推进得很顺利。

答案：He and I having reconciled our differences, the project then went on wonderfully.

四.  扩展阅读

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

Harrypicked it up and stared at it, his heart twanginglike a giant elastic band. No one, ever, in his whole life, had written to him. Who would? He had no friends, no other relatives --- he didn’t belong to the library so he’d never even got rude notes asking for books back. Yet here it was, a letter, addressed so plainly there could be no mistake:

Mr. H. Potter

The Cupboard under the Stairs

4 Privet Drive

Little Whinging

Surrey

分析：

1. twanging—> twang 颤抖着

2. 使用独立主格的目的

3. 对比新三课文《打劫记》

The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, whose headlights were on and whose horn was blaring, roared down the arcade.

五. 课后挑战：

请大家阅读下面5个哈利波特片段。佐伊事先把原文“改写”成啰嗦拖沓的版本了。请你来当小编辑，把划线部分的句子精简为“独立主格结构”。

片段一： ‘名词+现在分词’

Chapter Five --- Diagon Alley

‘Good afternoon,’ said a soft voice. Harry jumped. Hagrid must have jumped, too, because there was a loud crunching noise and he got quickly off the spindly chair.

An old man was standing before them, whose wide, pale eyes were shining like moons through the gloom of the shop.

‘Hello,’ said Harry awkwardly.

‘Ah yes,’ said the man. ‘Yes, yes. I though I’d be seeing you soon. Harry Potter.’ It wasn’t a question. ‘You have your mother’s eyes. It seems only yesterday she was in here herself, buying her first wand. Ten and a quarter inches long, swishy, made of willow. Nice wand for charm work.’

答案：An old man was standing before them, (with) his wide, pale eyes shining like moons through the gloom of the shop. （名词+现在分词）

片段二：名词+介词短语

Chapter Thirteen --- Nicolas Flamel

Herminone jumped to her feet. She hadn’t looked so excited since they’d got back the marks for their very first piece of homework.

‘Stay there!’ She said, and she sprinted up the stairs to the girl’s dormitories. Harry and Ron barely had time to exchange mystified looks before she was dashing back, while an enormous old book was in her arms.

‘I never thought to look in here!’ She whispered excitedly. ‘I got this out of the library weeks ago for a bit of light reading.’

答案：Harry and Ron barely had time to exchange mystified looks before she was dashing back, (with) an enormous old book in her arms. （名词+介词短语）

片段三：名词+过去分词

Chapter Thirteen --- Nicolas Flamel

Up in the air, Snape turned on his broomstick just in time to see something scarlet shoot past him, missing him by inches --- next second, Harry had pulled out of the dive, while his arm was raised in triumph, and while the Snitch was clasped in his hand.

The stands erupted; it had to be a record, no one could even remember the Snitch being caught so quickly.

答案：…next second, Harry had pulled out of the dive, his arm raised in triumph,the Snitch claspedin his hand. （名词+过去分词）

片段四：名词+副词

Chapter Nine --- The Midnight Duel

‘Come back, boy!’ She shouted, but Neville was rising straight up like a cork shot out of a bottle --- twelve feet --- twenty feet. Harry saw his scared white face look down at the ground falling away, saw him gasp, slip sideways off the broom and ---

WHAM --- a thud and a nasty crack and Neville lay, while face was down, on the grass in a heap. His broomstick was still rising higher and higher and started to drift lazily towards the Forbidden Forest and out of sight.

答案：WHAM --- a thud and a nasty crack and Neville lay,face down, on the grass in a heap. （名词+副词）

片段五：名词+形容词

Chapter Ten --- Hallowe’en

‘Come on, run, run!’ Harry yelled at Hermione, trying to pull her towards the door, but she couldn’t move, she was still flat against the wall,whenher mouth was open with terror.

The shouting and the echoes seemed to be driving the troll berserk. It roared again and started towards Ron, who was nearest and had no way to escape.

答案：...she was still flat against the wall, her mouth open with terror. (名词+形容词)