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中英文稿
Fossil records tell us that about 250 million years ago, there wasn't a tree on Earth designed to survive in temperatures below freezing.
化石纪录告诉我们约2亿5千万年前,地球上的树无法在冰点以下的温度存活。
They were all built for life in the tropics, where it's always warm, water is always liquid, and leaves are safe year round without fear of frost.
它们只适合生长在热带地区,很温暖、有液态水、终年不落叶、不用担心结霜。
If you took a tropical tree, whether ancient or modern, and transported it to Siberia or Patagonia in winter, its water would freeze into sharp-edged ice crystals, fatally puncturing the living cells in all of its leaves.
如果你把一棵热带树种(无论古代或现代)运送到冬天的西伯利亚或巴塔哥尼亚,水分会凝固成边缘锋利的冰晶,致命刺穿所有叶片内的活细胞。
The same thing that happens to lettuce and spinach when it freezes.
就和莴苣和菠菜结冻时会发生的状况一样。
Cold weather also means that water in the tree's plumbing system freezes, and dangerous bubbles form in the ice from gases that were previously dissolved in the liquid water.
寒冷的天气也意味着树的水管系统内水分会结冻,先前溶解于液态水中的空气成为冰中危险的气泡。
The ice itself doesn't cause much harm, but when it thaws, the bubbles remain, which is a problem because the whole plumbing system relies on the inter-molecular attraction of water molecules pulling each other upward against gravity.
冰本身并不会造成太多伤害,但当它融化,气泡会留下,这就造成问题了,因为整个水管系统是依靠水分子间的作用力,将每个水分子抵抗重力向上拉。
Air bubbles break the chain of molecules, essentially shutting off the flow of water.
气泡会中断这一串分子链,本质上阻断了水的流动 。
So to survive in cold weather, trees need to avoid two things: bubbles in their pipes and direct damage to living cells due to ice crystals.
所以要在寒冬存活,树必须避免两件事:导管内的气泡和冰晶对活细胞的直接伤害。
Tree solved the first problem before ever leaving hot climates, because air bubbles are also a problem during drought.
早在离开炎热气候前它们便解决了第一个问题,因为气泡在干旱时也是一个问题。
When plants work harder to get water from the soil, their water-conducting pipes can accidentally suck in tiny pockets of air from the surrounding tissue.
当植物更努力地从土壤中吸取水分,它们的输水管道可能从周围组织意外吸入微小气泡。
To combat this, trees in the dry tropics developed skinnier pipes, which thanks to the counterintuitive physics of bubbles and water, develop fewer bubble blockages than the wide, high-capacity pipes of their wet-tropical cousins.
为了避免,干燥地区的树发展出更细的管柱,由于气泡和水有违常理的性质,这些管柱的气泡阻碍比起它们在湿热地区的亲戚所拥有的大容积管柱要少。
So the plumbing of ancestral drought-adapted trees was accidentally pre-adapted to the cold as well, well before they began to spread beyond the tropics.
所以古老的适应干旱树种的水管也偶然地预先适应了寒冷,早在它们开始散播出热带地区之前。
Upon arriving in cold places, trees then evolved two techniques they still use to avoid frozen leaves.
一旦到了寒冷地区,树木便演化出两种他们现在仍然使用的防止树叶结冻的方法。
One is to fill living leaf cells with concentrated sugary sap, a biological version of anti-freeze.
一个是将活的叶片细胞填满浓缩糖液,也就是生物学版本的防冻剂。
Some trees, mostly evergreen conifers like pines or spruce, use solely this technique and keep their needle-like leaves unfrozen year-round with a super strong anti-freeze.
有些树种,多为常绿针叶树,例如松树或云杉,只用这个方法就能让它们的针状叶终年不结冻,靠的是一个超强防冻剂。
But other species, like maples and birches and larches, combine a less extreme level of sugar in their leaves with the practice of going leafless during the winter to avoid foliar frostbite.
但其他树种,像是枫树、桦树、落叶松,结合叶片中不那么高的糖份以及在冬天落叶的方法以避免树叶冻伤。
These techniques are uniquely cold-beating adaptations.
这些方法是独特的抗寒措施。
Well, they were, until descendants of leaf-dropping trees made it back to the dry tropics, where their strategy helps them deal with the extended seasonal droughts that occur in monsoonal climates.
这个嘛,它们曾经是,直到后来的落叶树种成功回到干燥热带地区,在那儿它们的策略帮助它们面对季风气候中延长的季节性干旱。
As far as we know, sugary sap remains the only adaptation that's only useful in cold places, which is why you have to come to the north if you want to tap into the sweet, sweet, anti-freeze that might just help you survive the winter
目前就我们所知,糖液依然是寒冷地区唯一有用的适应方式,这也就是为什么你必须来到北方才能一尝这甜蜜的、可能助你活过冬天的防冻剂。
We call it maple syrup.
我们称之为枫糖浆。
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