IDIKUT 伊迪库特

1208


--Idikut.
--伊迪库特。
--The old system of farming revenues.
--旧有的农业收入体制。
--Evils of farming the revenue.
--耕种收入的害处。


There was another great and powerful khan, named Idikut, whose tribe had hitherto been under the dominion of Gurkhan, the Prince of Turkestan, where Kushluk had sought refuge, but who about this time revolted from Gurkhan and went over to Genghis Khan, under circumstances which illustrate, in some degree, the peculiar nature of the political ties by which these different tribes and nations were bound to each other.
还有另一个伟大而强大的可汗，名叫伊迪库特，他的部落到目前为止一直处于突厥斯坦王子廓尔汗的统治之下，库什鲁克曾在那里寻求庇护，但大约在这个时候，他从廓尔汗叛变，投靠成吉思汗，在某种程度上说明了这些不同的部落和国家相互联系的政治纽带的特殊性质。
It seems that the tribe over which Idikut ruled was tributary to Turkestan, and that Gurkhan had an officer stationed in Idikut's country whose business it was to collect and remit the tribute.
看来，伊迪库特统治的部落是突厥斯坦的附庸，廓尔汗在伊迪库特的国家有一名军官，他的职责是收集和汇出贡品。
The name of this collector was Shuwakem.
这位收藏家的名字叫舒瓦克姆。
He was accustomed, it seems, like almost all tax-gatherers in those days, to exact more than was his due.
看起来，他和当时几乎所有的收税人一样，习惯于收取比他应得的更多的税款。
The system generally adopted by governments in that age of the world for collecting their revenues from tributary or conquered provinces was to _farm them_, as the phrase was.
在那个时代，世界各国政府通常采用的从附属省或被征服的省份收取收入的制度就是“耕种”，就像这句话所说的那样。
That is, they sold the whole revenue of a particular district in the gross to some rich man, who paid for it a specific sum, considerably less, of course, than the tax itself would really yield, and then he reimbursed himself for his outlay and for his trouble by collecting the tax in detail from the people.
这就是说，他们把某一地区的全部税收以总收入的形式卖给了某个富人，这个富人为此支付了一笔特定的金额，当然比税收本身的实际收益要少得多，然后他通过向人民征收详细的税款来补偿他的开支和他的麻烦。
Of course, it was for the interest of the tax-gatherer, in such a case, after having paid the round sum to the government, to extort as much as possible from the people, since all that he obtained over and above the sum that he had paid was his profit on the transaction.
当然，在这种情况下，收税人在向政府支付了整笔款项之后，尽可能多地向人民勒索，这是为了他的利益，因为他除了支付的金额之外，所获得的一切都是他从交易中获得的利润。
Then, if the people complained to the government of his exactions, they could seldom obtain any redress, for the government knew that if they rebuked or punished the farmer of the revenue, or interfered with him in any way, they would not be able to make so favorable terms with him for the next year.
然后，如果人们向政府投诉他的勒索行为，他们很少得到任何补偿，因为政府知道，如果他们指责或惩罚农民的收入，或者以任何方式干预他，他们就不能在下一年与他达成如此优惠的条件。


--Modern system.
--现代体制。
--Disinterested collectors.
--公正无私的收藏家。
--Independent and impartial courts.
--法院独立公正。
--Waste of the public money.
--浪费公帑。


The plan of farming the revenues thus led to a great deal of extortion and oppression, which the people were compelled patiently to endure, as there was generally no remedy.
因此，耕种收入的计划导致了大量的勒索和压迫，人民被迫耐心地忍受，因为通常没有补救办法。
In modern times and among civilized nations this system has been almost universally abandoned.
在现代，在文明国家中，这一制度几乎已被普遍抛弃。
The taxes are now always collected for the government directly by officers who have to pay over not a fixed sum, but simply what they collect.
现在，税收总是由官员直接为政府征收，他们不必支付固定的金额，而只需缴纳他们收取的税款。
Thus the tax-gatherers are, in some sense, impartial, since, if they collect more than the law entitles them to demand, the benefit inures almost wholly to the government, they themselves gaining little or no advantage by their extortion.
因此，在某种意义上，收税人是不偏不倚的，因为如果他们收取的税款超过了法律赋予他们的要求，利益几乎全部归政府所有，他们自己从敲诈勒索中获得的好处很少或没有。
Besides this, there are courts established which are, in a great measure, independent of the government, to which the tax-payer can appeal at once in a case where he thinks he is aggrieved.
此外，还设立了在很大程度上独立于政府的法院，纳税人在认为自己感到受屈时，可以立即向这些法院提出上诉。
This, it is true, often puts him to a great deal of trouble and expense, but, in the end, he is pretty sure to have justice done him, while under the old system there was ordinarily no remedy at all.
这确实经常给他带来很大的麻烦和费用，但最终他肯定会得到公正的对待，而在旧的制度下，通常是没有任何补救办法的。
There was nothing to be done but to appeal to the king or chieftain himself, and these complaints seldom received any attention.
除了向国王或酋长本人申诉之外，别无选择，这些抱怨很少受到重视。
For, besides the natural unwillingness of the sovereign to trouble himself about such disputes, he had a direct interest in not requiring the extorted money to be paid back, or, rather, in not having it proved that it was extorted.
因为，除了君主天生不愿为这类争端而麻烦自己之外，他的直接利益在于不要求归还被勒索的钱，或者更确切地说，是不能证明被勒索的钱是被勒索的。
Thus the poor tax-payer found that the officer who collected the money, and the umpire who was to decide in case of disputes, were both directly interested against him, and he was continually wronged; whereas, at the present day, by means of a system which provides disinterested officers to determine and collect the tax, and independent judges to decide all cases of dispute, the evils are almost wholly avoided.
因此，贫穷的纳税人发现，收钱的官员和在发生纠纷时负责裁决的公断人都与他有直接的利害关系，他不断地受到冤枉；然而，在今天，通过一种制度，提供公正的官员来确定和征收税款，以及独立的法官来裁决所有的纠纷案件，这些邪恶几乎完全避免了。
The only difficulty now is the extravagance and waste with which the public money is expended, making it necessary to collect a much larger amount than would otherwise be required.
现在唯一的困难是公帑的挥霍和浪费，以致要收取比原来所需多得多的款项。
Perhaps some future generation will discover some plain and simple remedy for this evil too.
也许下一代人也会发现一些简单明了的疗法来治疗这种邪恶。


* * * * * *


--Shuwakem.
--舒瓦凯姆。


The name of the officer who had the general charge of the collection of the taxes in Idikut's territory for Gurkhan, King of Turkestan, was, as has already been said, Shuwakem.
正如已经说过的那样，为突厥斯坦国王古尔汗负责伊迪库特地区税收的官员的名字是舒瓦克姆(Shuwakem)。
He oppressed the people, exacting more from them than was really due.
他压迫人民，向他们索要过多的东西。
Whether he had farmed the revenue, and was thus enriching himself by his extortions, or whether he was acting directly in Gurkhan's name, and made the people pay more than he ought from zeal in his master's service, and a desire to recommend himself to favor by sending home to Turkestan as large a revenue from the provinces as possible, does not appear.
他是否通过敲诈勒索赚取了收入，从而致富，或者他是否直接以廓尔汗的名义行事，让人民为他的主人服务的热情支付了过高的费用，并希望通过向突厥斯坦送去尽可能多的省税来讨好自己，这一点都没有出现。
At all events, the people complained bitterly.
不管怎么说，人们怨声载道。
They had, however, no access to Gurkhan, Shuwakem's master, and so they carried their complaints to Idikut, their own khan.
然而，他们无法接触到舒瓦凯姆的主人廓尔汗，所以他们把他们的抱怨带到了他们自己的可汗伊迪库特。


--Idikut's quarrel with Gurkhan's tax-gatherers.
--伊迪库特与廓尔汗的收税人发生争执。


Idikut remonstrated with Shuwakem, but he, instead of taking the remonstrance in good part and relaxing the severity of his proceedings, resented the interference of Idikut, and answered him in a haughty and threatening manner.
伊迪库特向舒瓦凯姆提出了抗议，但他非但没有很好地接受这一劝告，也没有放松诉讼的严重性，反而憎恨伊迪库特的干预，并以傲慢而威胁性的方式回答了他。
This made Idikut very angry.
这让伊迪库特非常生气。
Indeed, he was angry before, as it might naturally be supposed that he would have been, at having a person owing allegiance to a foreign prince exercising authority in a proud and domineering manner within his dominions, and the reply which Shuwakem made when he remonstrated with him on account of his extortions exasperated him beyond all bounds.
事实上，他以前对一个人效忠于一个在他的领地内傲慢而专横地行使权力的外国王子感到愤怒，而舒瓦凯姆因为他的敲诈勒索而向他提出抗议时所作的回答，让他恼火得不可理喻，这是很自然的，他本来应该会生气的，因为有一个人效忠于一个在他统治范围内以傲慢和专横的方式行使权力的外国王子，舒瓦凯姆的回答让他恼火得不可理喻。
He immediately caused Shuwakem to be assassinated.
他立即导致舒瓦凯姆被暗杀。
He also slew all the other officers of Gurkhan within his country--those, probably, who were employed to assist Shuwakem in collecting the taxes.
他还杀害了他国家内廓尔汗的所有其他军官--可能是那些受雇协助舒瓦凯姆收税的军官。


--Rebellion.
--起义。
--He sends to Genghis Khan.
--他寄给成吉思汗。


The murder of these officers was, of course, an act of open rebellion against Gurkhan, and Idikut, in order to shield himself from the consequences of it, determined to join himself and his tribe at once to the empire of Genghis Khan; so he immediately dispatched two embassadors to the Mongul emperor with his proposals.
当然，杀害这些军官是公开反抗廓尔汗的行为，伊迪库特为了避免后果，决定立即与自己和他的部落一起前往成吉思汗帝国，所以他立即派遣了两位大使和他的求婚给蒙古族皇帝。




The envoys, accompanied by a suitable troop of guards and attendants, went into the Mongul country and presently came up with Genghis Khan, while he was on a march toward the country of some tribe or horde that had revolted from him.
使节们在一队合适的卫兵和侍从的陪同下进入蒙古国，很快就赶上了成吉思汗，当时他正在向某个起义的部落或部落的国家进军。
They were very kindly received; for, although Genghis Khan was not prepared at present to make open war upon Gurkhan, or to invade his dominions in pursuit of Prince Kushluk, he was intending to do this at some future day, and, in the mean time, he was very glad to weaken his enemy by drawing off from his empire any tributary tribes that were at all disposed to revolt from him.
他们受到了非常友好的接待，因为虽然成吉思汗目前还没有准备好向廓尔汗开战，也没有准备为了追赶库什鲁克王子而入侵他的领土，但他打算在将来的某一天这样做，同时，他非常高兴通过从他的帝国中撤出任何想要反抗他的朝贡部落来削弱他的敌人。


--His reception of the embassy.
--他接待大使馆。


He accordingly received the embassadors of Idikut in a very cordial and friendly manner.
因此，他非常亲切友好地接待了伊迪库特大使。
He readily acceded to the proposals which Idikut made through them, and, in order to give full proof to Idikut of the readiness and sincerity with which he accepted his proposals, he sent back two embassadors of his own to accompany Idikut's embassadors on their return, and to join them in assuring that prince of the cordiality with which Genghis Khan accepted his offers of friendship, and to promise his protection.
他欣然接受了伊迪库特通过他们提出的建议，为了向伊迪库特充分证明他接受他的建议的准备和诚意，他派回了自己的两位大使陪同伊迪库特的大使们回来，并与他们一起向伊迪库特王子保证，成吉思汗以诚挚的态度接受了他的友好提议，并承诺保护他。


--Idikut's visit to Genghis Khan.
--伊迪库特访问成吉思汗。


Idikut was very much pleased, when his messengers returned, to learn that his mission had been so successful.
当他的使者回来时，伊迪库特得知他的任务如此成功，非常高兴。
He immediately determined to go himself and visit Genghis Khan in his camp, in order to confirm the new alliance by making a personal tender to the emperor of his homage and his services.
他立刻决定亲自去拜访营地里的成吉思汗，以便通过亲自向皇帝表示敬意和服务来确认新的联盟。
He accordingly prepared some splendid presents, and, placing himself at the head of his troop of guards, he proceeded to the camp of Genghis Khan.
于是他准备了一些精美的礼物，坐在他的卫兵队伍的最前面，向成吉思汗的营地走去。
The emperor received him in a very kind and friendly manner.
皇帝非常亲切友好地接待了他。
He accepted his presents, and, in the end, was so much pleased with Idikut himself that he gave him one of his daughters in marriage.
他接受了他的礼物，最后，他对伊迪库特本人非常满意，把他的一个女儿嫁给了他。


--Gurkhan in a rage.
--廓尔汗怒不可遏。


As for Gurkhan, when he first heard of the murder of Shuwakem and the other officers, he was in a terrible rage.
至于廓尔汗，当他第一次听到舒瓦凯姆和其他军官被谋杀的消息时，他非常愤怒。
He declared that he would revenge his servant by laying waste Idikut's territories with fire and sword.
他宣称要用火和剑摧毁伊迪库特的领土，为他的仆人报仇。
But when he heard that Idikut had placed himself under the protection of Genghis Khan, and especially when he learned that he had married the emperor's daughter, he thought it more prudent to postpone his vengeance, not being quite willing to draw upon himself the hostility of so great a power.
但是，当他听说伊迪库特已经把自己置于成吉思汗的保护之下，特别是当他得知自己娶了皇帝的女儿时，他认为推迟复仇是更谨慎的做法，不太愿意招致如此强大的势力的敌意。


--Subsequent history of Kushluk.
--库什鲁克后来的历史。
--Jena.
--耶拿。


Prince Kushluk remained for many years in Turkestan and in the countries adjoining it.
库什鲁克王子在突厥斯坦及其邻近国家呆了很多年。
He married a daughter of Gurkhan, his protector.
他娶了他的保护者廓尔汗的女儿。
Partly in consequence of this connection and of the high rank which he had held in his own native land, and partly, perhaps, in consequence of his personal courage and other military qualities, he rapidly acquired great influence among the khans of Western Asia, and at last he organized a sort of rebellion against Gurkhan, made war against him, and deprived him of more than half his dominions.
部分是由于这种联系和他在自己的故土上的高位，部分是因为他的个人勇气和其他军事素质，他很快在西亚的可汗中获得了很大的影响力，最后他组织了一场反对廓尔汗的叛乱，对他发动了战争，剥夺了他一半以上的统治权。
He then collected a large army, and prepared to make war upon Genghis Khan.
于是他集结了一支大军，准备向成吉思汗开战。
Genghis Khan sent one of his best generals, at the head of a small but very compact and well-disciplined force, against him.
成吉思汗派了他最好的将军之一，率领一支规模不大但非常紧凑，纪律严明的部队来对付他。
The name of this general was Jena.
这位将军的名字叫耶拿。
Kushluk was not at all intimidated by the danger which now threatened him.
库什鲁克丝毫没有被现在威胁到他的危险吓倒。
His own army was much larger than that of Jena, and he accordingly advanced to meet his enemy without fear.
他自己的军队比耶拿大得多，因此他毫不畏惧地挺身而出，迎战敌人。
He was, however, beaten in the battle, and, when he saw that the day was lost, he fled, followed by a small party of horsemen, who succeeded in saving themselves with him.
然而，他在战斗中被击败了，当他看到这一天已经过去时，他逃跑了，后面跟着一小队骑兵，他们和他一起成功地自救了。


--Kushluk's final defeat and flight.
--库什鲁克的最后失败和逃亡。
--Hotly pursued by Jena.
--被耶拿热烈追逐。


Jena set out immediately in pursuit of the fugitive, accompanied by a small body of men mounted on the fleetest horses.
耶拿立即出发追捕逃犯，随之而来的是一小群骑在最快的马上的人。
The party who were with Kushluk, being exhausted by the fatigue of the battle and bewildered by the excitement and terror of their flight, could not keep together, but were overtaken one by one and slain by their pursuers until only three were left.
和库什鲁克在一起的一队人，由于战斗的疲惫和逃跑的兴奋和恐惧而筋疲力尽，无法保持一致，但被追赶的人一个接一个地追上，直到只剩下三个人。
These three kept close to Kushluk, and with him went on until Jena's party lost the track of them.
这三个人紧跟着库什鲁克，跟着他一直走，直到耶拿的队伍失去了他们的踪迹。




At length, coming to a place where two roads met, Jena asked a peasant if he had seen any strange horsemen pass that way.
最后，来到一个两条路交汇的地方，耶拿问一个农民，他是否见过有陌生的骑兵从那边经过。
The peasant said that four horsemen had passed a short time before, and he told Jena which road they had taken.
农夫说，不久前有四个骑兵经过，他告诉耶拿他们走的是哪条路。


--Kushluk's death.
--库什鲁克之死。


Jena and his party rode on in the direction which the peasant had indicated, and, pushing forward with redoubled speed, they soon overtook the unhappy fugitives.
耶拿和他的一行人沿着农夫所指的方向继续前进，并以加倍的速度向前推进，很快就赶上了那些不幸的逃亡者。
They fell upon Kushluk without mercy, and killed him on the spot.
他们毫不留情地扑向库什鲁克，当场将他杀死。
They then cut off his head, and turned back to carry it to Genghis Khan.
然后他们砍下了他的头，转过身去把它带到成吉思汗那里。


--Genghis Khan's triumph.
--成吉思汗的胜利。


Genghis Khan rewarded Jena in the most magnificent manner for his successful performance of this exploit, and then, putting Kushluk's head upon a pole, he displayed it in all the camps and villages through which he passed, where it served at once as a token and a trophy of his victory against an enemy, and, at the same time, as a warning to all other persons of the terrible danger which they would incur in attempting to resist his power.
成吉思汗以最华丽的方式奖励了成功完成这一功绩的耶拿，然后把库什鲁克的头放在一根杆子上，在他经过的所有营地和村庄里展示了它，在那里它既是他战胜敌人的象征和战利品，同时也是对所有其他人的警告，他们试图抵抗库什鲁克的力量将会招致可怕的危险。