DOMINIONS OF GENGHIS KHAN 成吉思汗的疆域

1203


--Karakorom.
--喀喇昆仑。
--Insignificance of cities and towns.
--城镇意义不大。


After the ceremonies of the inauguration were concluded, Genghis Khan returned, with the officers of his court and his immediate followers, to Karakorom.
就职典礼结束后，成吉思汗带着朝廷官员和随行人员回到喀喇昆仑。
This town, though nominally the capital of the empire, was, after all, quite an insignificant place.
这个小镇虽然名义上是帝国的首都，但毕竟是一个微不足道的地方。
Indeed, but little importance was attached to any villages or towns in those days, and there were very few fixed places of residence that were of any considerable account.
的确，但在那个时代，人们对任何村庄或城镇都不太重视，几乎没有什么有价值的固定居住地。
The reason is, that towns are the seats of commerce and manufactures, and they derive their chief importance from those pursuits; whereas the Monguls and Tartars led almost exclusively a wandering and pastoral life, and all their ideas of wealth and grandeur were associated with great flocks and herds of cattle, and handsome tents, and long trains of wagons loaded with stores of clothing, arms, and other movables, and vast encampments in the neighborhood of rich and extended pasture-grounds.
原因是，城镇是商业和制造业的所在地，它们从这些追求中获得了首要的重要性；而蒙古人和鞑靼人几乎完全过着流浪和田园生活，他们所有的财富和宏伟的想法都与大量的牛群、漂亮的帐篷、装满衣服、武器和其他动产的长长的马车，以及肥沃而广阔的牧场附近的大片营地联系在一起。
Those who lived permanently in fixed houses they looked down upon as an inferior class, confined to one spot by their poverty or their toil, while they themselves could roam at liberty with their flocks and herds over the plains, riding fleet horses or dromedaries, and encamping where they pleased in the green valleys or on the banks of the meandering streams.
那些长期住在固定房子里的人，他们瞧不起他们，因为他们的贫穷或辛劳，他们被限制在一个地方，而他们自己则可以带着他们的羊群在平原上自由地漫步，骑着快马或单骑，在绿色的山谷里或蜿蜒的溪流岸边随心所欲地扎营。在绿色的山谷或蜿蜒的溪流岸边，他们可以随心所欲地在平原上漫步，骑着飞驰的马或骑着马，随心所欲地扎营。


--Account of Karakorom.
--喀喇昆仑的记述。
--The buildings.
--楼房。


Karakorom was accordingly by no means a great and splendid city.
因此，喀喇昆仑决不是一个伟大而辉煌的城市。
It was surrounded by what was called a mud wall--that is, a wall made of blocks of clay dried in the sun.
它被所谓的泥墙包围着--也就是说，一堵由在阳光下干燥的粘土砌成的墙。
The houses of the inhabitants were mere hovels, and even the palace of the king, and all the other public buildings, were of very frail construction; for all the architecture of the Monguls in those days took its character from the tent, which was the type and model, so to speak, of all other buildings.
居民的房屋不过是茅屋，即使是国王的宫殿和其他所有的公共建筑也是非常脆弱的，因为当时蒙古人的一切建筑都是从帐篷中汲取其特色的，可以说，帐篷就是所有其他建筑的类型和模式。




The new emperor, however, did not spend a great deal of his time at Karakorom.
然而，新皇帝并没有在喀喇昆仑花费大量时间。
He was occupied for some years in making excursions at the head of his troops to various parts of his dominions, for the purpose of putting down insurrections, overawing discontented and insubordinate khans, and settling disputes of various kinds arising between the different hordes.
为了镇压暴动，威慑不满和不服从的汗，解决不同部落之间的各种争端，他几年来一直在率领他的部队到他的领土的各个地方去游历，目的是镇压叛乱，威慑不满的、不服从的汗，解决不同游牧民族之间的各种争端。
In these expeditions he was accustomed to move by easy marches across the plains at the head of his army, and sometimes would establish himself in a sort of permanent camp, where he would remain, perhaps, as in a fixed residence, for weeks or months at a time.
在这些远征中，他习惯于率领军队在平原上轻而易举地行进，有时会把自己安顿在某种永久的营地里，在那里，他可能会像在固定住所一样，一次呆上几个星期或几个月。


--The grand encampments.
--宏伟的营地。


Not only Genghis Khan himself, but many of the other great chieftains, were accustomed to live in this manner, and one of their encampments, if we could have seen it, would have been regarded by us as a great curiosity.
不仅成吉思汗本人，其他许多大酋长都习惯了这样的生活方式，他们的一个营地，如果我们能看到的话，会被我们视为一大奇观。
The ground was regularly laid out, like a town, into quarters, squares, and streets, and the space which it covered was sometimes so large as to extend nearly a mile in each direction.
地面像城镇一样有规律地被布置成宿舍、广场和街道，它覆盖的空间有时非常大，向每个方向延伸近一英里。
The tent of the khan himself was in the centre.
可汗本人的帐篷在中心。
A space was reserved for it there large enough not only for the grand tent itself, but also for the rows of smaller tents near, for the wives and for other women belonging to the khan's family, and also for the rows of carts or wagons containing the stores of provisions, the supplies of clothing and arms, and the other valuables which these wandering chieftains always took with them in all their peregrinations.
那里为它留出了一个足够大的空间，不仅可以容纳大帐篷本身，还可以容纳附近一排排小帐篷，供妻子和其他属于可汗家族的妇女使用，还可以容纳一排排手推车或马车，里面装着粮食、衣服和武器的补给，以及这些流浪的酋长们在所有旅行中总是随身携带的其他贵重物品。


--Construction of the tents.
--建造帐篷。


The tent of the khan in summer was made of a sort of calico, and in winter of felt, which was much warmer.
夏天可汗的帐篷是用印花布做的，冬天是用毛毡做的，要暖和得多。
It was raised very high, so as to be seen above all the rest of the encampment, and it was painted in gay colors, and adorned with other barbaric decorations.
它被抬得很高，以便在营地的其他地方都能被看到，它被漆成了欢快的颜色，并用其他野蛮的装饰品装饰着。


--Dwellings of the women.
--妇女的住处。


The dwellings in which the women were lodged, which were around or near the great tent, were sometimes tents, and sometimes little huts made of wood.
妇女们住的住处，在大帐篷周围或附近，有时是帐篷，有时是木头做的小屋。
When they were of wood they were made very light, and were constructed in such a manner that they could be taken to pieces at the shortest notice, and packed on carts or wagons, in order to be transported to the next place of encampment, whenever, for any reason, it became necessary for their lord and master to remove his domicil to a different ground.
它们是用木头做成的，重量很轻，其建造方式使它们可以在最短的时间内被拆成碎片，装在手推车或马车上，以便在他们的主人和主人出于任何原因需要将他的住所搬到不同的地方时，被运送到下一个营地。


--Mountains and wild beasts.
--群山野兽。
--Hunting.
--打猎。


A large portion of the country which was included within the limits of Genghis Khan's dominions was fertile ground, which produced abundance of grass for the pasturage of the flocks and herds, and many springs and streams of water.
成吉思汗统治范围内的很大一部分土地是肥沃的土地，这就产生了丰富的牧草，供羊群放牧，还有许多泉水和溪流。
There were, however, several districts of mountainous country, which were the refuge of tigers, leopards, wolves, and other ferocious beasts of prey.
然而，山区有几个地区，是老虎、豹、狼和其他凶猛的猛兽的避难所。
It was among these mountains that the great hunting parties which Genghis Khan organized from time to time went in search of their game.
成吉思汗不时组织的大狩猎队就是在这些大山中寻找猎物的。
There was a great officer of the kingdom, called the grand huntsman, who had the superintendence and charge of every thing relating to hunting and to game throughout the empire.
王国里有一位伟大的军官，名叫大猎人，他监督和掌管着整个帝国所有与狩猎和狩猎有关的事情。
The grand huntsman was an officer of the very highest rank.
这位伟大的猎人是一位军衔极高的军官。
He even took precedence of the first ministers of state.
他甚至取代了第一任国务部长。
Genghis Khan appointed his son Jughi, who has already been mentioned in connection with the great council of war called by his father, and with the battle which was subsequently fought, and in which he gained great renown, to the office of grand huntsman, and, at the same time, made two of the older and more experienced khans his ministers of state.
成吉思汗任命他的儿子朱吉为大猎人，同时任命两位年纪较大、经验较丰富的汉为国务大臣。在他父亲召集的大军事会议和随后进行的战斗中，他已经提到过这一点。在这场战斗中，他获得了很高的声望，并任命了两位年纪较大、经验较丰富的汗为国务大臣，这一点已经在他父亲召集的大军事会议和后来的战斗中提到过了，他在这场战斗中声名鹊起。


--The danger of hunting in those days.
--那时候打猎的危险。


The hunting of wild beasts as ferocious as those that infested the mountains of Asia is a very dangerous amusement even at the present day, notwithstanding the advantage which the huntsman derives from the use of gunpowder, and rifled barrels, and fulminating bullets.
即使在今天，猎杀像亚洲山区出没的野兽一样凶猛的野兽也是一种非常危险的娱乐活动，尽管猎人使用火药、膛线桶和猛烈的子弹可以获得好处。
But in those days, when the huntsman had no better weapons than bows and arrows, javelins, and spears, the undertaking was dangerous in the extreme.
但在那个时代，当猎人除了弓箭、标枪和长矛之外没有更好的武器时，这项任务是极其危险的。
An African lion of full size used to be considered as a match for _forty_ men in the days when only ordinary weapons were used against him, and it was considered almost hopeless to attack him with less than that number.
在只有普通武器对付他的日子里，一头全身型的非洲狮子曾经被认为可以与40人匹敌，而用不到这个数字的狮子攻击他几乎是没有希望的。
And even with that number to waylay and assail him he was not usually conquered until he had killed or disabled two or three of his foes.
即使有那么多人来拦阻和攻击他，他通常也不会被征服，直到他杀死或残废了两三个敌人。


--Modern weapons.
--现代化武器。
--Carabines.
--卡拉宾。
--Fulminating balls.
--怒气冲冲的球。


Now, however, with the terrible artillery invented in modern times, a single man, if he has the requisite courage, coolness, and steadiness of nerve, is a match for such a lion.
然而，现在有了现代发明的可怕的大炮，一个人，如果他有必要的勇气，冷静和稳定的神经，就可以与这样的狮子匹敌。
The weapon used is a double-barreled carabine, both barrels being _rifled_, that is, provided with spiral grooves within, that operate to give the bullets a rotary motion as they issue from the muzzle, by which they bore their way through the air, as it were, to their destination, with a surprising directness and precision.
使用的武器是一把双管卡拉宾，两管都是有膛线的，也就是说，里面有螺旋槽，当子弹从枪口发射出来时，它的作用是使子弹旋转运动，可以说是通过它在空中穿行，到达目的地，具有惊人的直截了当和精确度，这是令人惊讶的直接和精确度，也就是说，子弹从枪口发射出来时，可以说是在空中穿行，到达目的地的方式令人惊讶地直接和精确。
The bullets discharged by these carabines are not balls, but cylinders, pointed with a cone at the forward end.
这些步枪发射的子弹不是球，而是圆柱体，前端有一个圆锥体。
They are hollow, and are filled with a fulminating composition which is capable of exploding with a force vastly greater than that of gunpowder.
它们是空心的，里面装满了一种能够以比火药大得多的力量爆炸的爆炸性药剂。
The conical point at the end is made separate from the body of the cylinder, and slides into it by a sort of shank, which, when the bullet strikes the body of the lion or other wild beast, acts like a sort of percussion cap to explode the fulminating powder, and thus the instant that the missile enters the animal's body it bursts with a terrible explosion, and scatters the iron fragments of the cylinder among his vitals.
末端的圆锥点与圆柱体分开，并通过一种柄滑入圆柱体，当子弹击中狮子或其他野兽的身体时，它就像一个冲击帽一样爆炸雷暴的粉末，因此，当导弹进入动物的身体的瞬间，它就会爆发出可怕的爆炸，圆柱体的铁片散落在它的要害中。
Thus, while an ordinary musket ball might lodge in his flesh, or even pass entirely through some parts of his body, without producing any other effect than to arouse him to a phrensy, and redouble the force with which he would spring upon his foe, the bursting of one of these fulminating bullets almost any where within his body brings him down in an instant, and leaves him writhing and rolling upon the ground in the agonies of death.
因此，虽然一个普通的火枪球可能停留在他的肉体中，甚至完全穿过他身体的某些部分，但除了唤醒他变得口齿不清，并使他对敌人的力量加倍之外，没有产生任何其他效果，但这些猛烈的子弹几乎在他身体内的任何地方射出，就会在瞬间将他击倒，让他在死亡的痛苦中扭动和打滚在地上。这就是说，尽管普通的火枪球可能会停留在他的身体里，甚至完全穿过他身体的某些部分，但除了唤醒他的语气，并加倍他向敌人猛扑过来的力量之外，并没有产生任何其他效果。


--Devisme's establishment in Paris.
--德维斯梅在巴黎的机构。
--Specimens.
--标本。


On the Boulevard des Italiens, in Paris, is the manufactory of Devisme, who makes these carabines for the lion-hunters of Algiers.
在巴黎的意大利大道上，有一家名为Devisme的制造厂，该公司为阿尔及尔的猎狮人制造这些卡拉宾。
Promenaders, in passing by his windows, stop to look at specimens of these bullets exhibited there.
漫步的人经过他的窗户时，会停下来观看在那里展出的这些子弹的样本。
They are of various sizes, adapted to barrels of different bores.
它们的大小各不相同，适用于不同口径的桶。
Some are entire; others are rent and torn in pieces, having been fired into a bank of earth, that they might burst there as they would do in the body of a wild beast, and then be recovered and preserved to show the effect of the explosion.
一些是完整的；另一些是撕裂的碎片，被烧到一块泥土里，这样它们可能会在那里爆炸，就像在野兽的身体里一样，然后被找回和保存起来，以显示爆炸的效果。


--Great danger.
--非常危险。


Even with such terrible weapons as these, it requires at the present day great courage, great coolness, and very extraordinary steadiness of nerve to face a lion or a tiger in his mountain fastness, with any hope of coming off victorious in the contest.
即使有了这些可怕的武器，在今天，面对一只坚守山寨的狮子或老虎，要想在比赛中取胜，也需要极大的勇气、极大的冷静和非常坚定的勇气。
But the danger was, of course, infinitely greater in the days of Genghis Khan, when pikes and spears, and bows and arrows, were the only weapons with which the body of huntsmen could arm themselves for the combat.
但是，当然，在成吉思汗时代，危险要大得多，当时长矛和弓箭是猎人身体可以武装起来作战的唯一武器。
Indeed, in those days wild beasts were even in some respects more formidable enemies than men.
的确，在那个年代，野兽在某些方面甚至比人类更可怕。
For men, however excited by angry passions, are, in some degree, under the influence of fear.
因为，无论人们是如何被愤怒的激情所激发，在某种程度上，他们都处于恐惧的影响之下。
They will not rush headlong upon absolute and certain destruction, but may be driven back by a mere display of force, if it is obvious that it is a force which they are wholly incapable of resisting.
他们不会一头冲向绝对的、确定的毁灭，但如果很明显，这是一种他们完全无法抵抗的力量，那么仅仅是展示武力就可以击退他们。
Thus a party of men, however desperate, may be attacked without much danger to the assailants, provided that the force which the assailants bring against them is overwhelming.
因此，一队人，无论多么绝望，只要袭击者带给他们的力量是压倒性的，就可能受到攻击，而不会对袭击者造成太大的危险。


--Wild beasts more formidable than men.
--比人更可怕的野兽。


But it is not so with wild beasts.
但对于野兽来说就不是这样了。
A lion, a tiger, or a panther, once aroused, is wholly insensible to fear.
狮子、老虎或美洲豹一旦被唤醒，就完全没有恐惧的感觉。
He will rush headlong upon his foes, however numerous they may be, and however formidably armed.
他将迎头扑向他的敌人，不管他们有多多，不管他们有多么可怕的武器。
He makes his own destruction sure, it is true, but, at the same time, he renders almost inevitable the destruction of some one or more of his enemies, and, in going out to attack him, no one can be sure of not becoming himself one of the victims of his fury.
他肯定会毁灭自己，这是真的，但与此同时，他几乎不可避免地毁灭了他的一个或多个敌人，而且，在出去攻击他的过程中，没有人能保证自己不会成为他愤怒的受害者之一。


--Grand huntsman.
“大猎人”。




Thus the hunting of wild beasts in the mountains was very dangerous work, and it is not surprising that the office of grand huntsman was one of great consideration and honor.
因此，在山里猎杀野兽是一项非常危险的工作，因此，大猎人的职位是非常值得考虑和尊重的，这也就不足为奇了。


--Timid animals.
--胆小的动物。


The hunting was, however, not all of the dangerous character above described.
然而，狩猎并不是上述所有危险角色的全部。
Some animals are timid and inoffensive by nature, and attempt to save themselves only by flight.
有些动物生性胆小且不具攻击性，它们试图通过飞行才能自救。
Such animals as these were to be pursued and overtaken by the superior speed of horses and dogs, or to be circumvented by stratagem.
像这样的动物，要么用马和狗超快的速度追赶，要么用计谋绕开。
There was a species of deer, in certain parts of the Mongul country, that the huntsmen were accustomed to take in this way, namely:
在蒙古尔国的某些地方，有一种鹿，猎人习惯于这样捕猎，那就是：


--Stratagems.
--谋略。
--Mode of taking deer.
--猎鹿的方式。


The huntsmen, when they began to draw near to a place where a herd of deer were feeding, would divide themselves into two parties.
当猎人们开始走近一群鹿正在进食的地方时，他们会分成两队。
One party would provide themselves with the antlers of stags, which they arranged in such a manner that they could hold them up over their heads in the thickets, as if real stags were there.
其中一方会给自己提供鹿角，他们把鹿角摆好，可以在灌木丛中把鹿角举过头顶，就好像真的鹿角在那里一样。
The others, armed with bows and arrows, javelins, spears, and other such weapons, would place themselves in ambush near by.
其他人手持弓箭、标枪、长矛和其他类似武器，会在附近埋伏。
Those who had the antlers would then make a sort of cry, imitating that uttered by the hinds.
然后，那些拥有鹿角的人会模仿母鹿的叫声，发出一种类似的叫声。
The stags of the herd, hearing the cry, would immediately come toward the spot.
鹿群中的雄鹿一听到叫声，就会立即向现场走来。
The men in the thicket then would raise the antlers and move them about, so as to deceive the stags, and excite their feelings of rivalry and ire, while those who were appointed to that office continued to counterfeit the cry of the hind.
然后，灌木丛中的人会举起鹿角，移动它们，以欺骗鹿，激起它们的竞争和愤怒的情绪，而那些被任命担任这一职务的人则继续伪造鹿的叫声。
The stags immediately would begin to paw the ground and to prepare for a conflict, and then, while their attention was thus wholly taken up by the tossing of the false antlers in the thicket, the men in ambush would creep up as near as they could, take good aim, and shoot their poor deluded victims through the heart.
雄鹿会立即开始抓地，为冲突做准备，然后，当他们的注意力完全被灌木丛中的假鹿角抛来抛去时，埋伏的人会尽可能地爬上前来，瞄准目标，射穿他们可怜的被迷惑的受害者的心脏。(这句话的意思是：“当他们的注意力完全集中在灌木丛里的假鹿角上时，埋伏的人会尽可能地靠近他们，瞄准他们可怜的受骗的受害者，射穿他们的心脏。”


--Training of the horses.
--训练马匹。


Of course, it required a great deal of practice and much skill to perform successfully such feats as these; and there were many other branches of the huntsman's art, as practiced in those days, which could only be acquired by a systematic and special course of training.
当然，要成功地完成这样的壮举，需要大量的练习和很高的技巧，而且当时还有许多其他的猎人艺术分支，只有经过系统和特殊的培训才能获得。
One of the most difficult things was to train the horses so that they would advance to meet tigers and other wild beasts without fear.
最困难的事情之一是训练马匹，使它们能够毫无畏惧地挺身而出，与老虎和其他野兽相遇。
Horses have naturally a strong and instinctive terror for such beasts, and this terror it was very difficult to overcome.
马对这种野兽天生就有强烈的本能恐惧，这种恐惧是很难克服的。
The Mongul huntsmen, however, contrived means to inspire the horses with so much courage in this respect that they would advance to the encounter of these terrible foes with as much ardor as a trained charger shows in advancing to meet other horses and horsemen on the field of battle.
然而，蒙古猎人设计了一种手段，在这方面以如此巨大的勇气激励马匹，以至于它们会像训练有素的冲锋队员在战场上与其他马匹和骑兵相遇一样，以同样的热情前进到与这些可怕的敌人的相遇中。


--Great desert.
--大沙漠。
--Cold.
--冷。


Besides the mountainous regions above described, there were several deserts in the country of the Monguls.
除了上面描述的山区，蒙古族国家还有几个沙漠。
The greatest of these deserts extends through the very heart of Asia, and is one of the most extensive districts of barren land in the world.
其中最大的沙漠延伸到亚洲的心脏地带，是世界上面积最大的贫瘠地区之一。
Unlike most other great deserts, however, the land is very elevated, and it is to this elevation that its barrenness is, in a great measure, due.
然而，与大多数其他大沙漠不同的是，这片土地非常高，在很大程度上，正是由于这个高度，它的贫瘠才是罪魁祸首。
A large part of this desert consists of rocks and barren sands, and, in the time of which we are writing, was totally uninhabitable.
这片沙漠的很大一部分是由岩石和贫瘠的沙子组成的，在我们写这篇文章的时候，它完全不适合居住。
It was so cold, too, on account of the great elevation of the land, that it was almost impossible to traverse it except in the warmest season of the year.
由于这片土地海拔很高，天气也很冷，除非在一年中最温暖的季节，否则几乎不可能穿越它。


--No forests.
--没有森林。


Other parts of this district, which were not so elevated, and where the land was not quite so barren, produced grass and herbage on which the flocks and herds could feed, and thus, in certain seasons of the year, people resorted to them for pasturage.
这个地区的其他地方，海拔不是很高，土地也不是很贫瘠，出产的草和牧草可以让羊群和牛群吃，因此，在一年中的某些季节，人们会求助于它们作为牧草。