Unit02-PSYCH-female

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PSYCHcomes from the Greek word psyche, meaning “breath, life, soul.”Psychology isthe science of mind and behavior, and a psychologist treats or studies themental problems of individuals and groups. Psychiatry is a branch of medicinethat deals with mental and emotional disorders, and a psychiatrist (like anyother doctor) may prescribe drugs to treat them.

PSYCH 来自希腊语单词 psyche，意思是“呼吸，生命，灵魂”。psychology（心理学）是研究心理和行为的科学，psychologist（心理学家）治疗或研究个人和群体的心理问题。psychiatry（精神病学）是治疗精神和情绪障碍的医学分支，psychiatrist（精神病医生）（和其他医生一样）或许会开一些药来治疗。

psyche：Soul,personality, mind.

• Analystsare constantly trying to understand the nation's psyche and why the U.S. oftenbehaves so differently from other countries.

分析人士一直试图理解这个国家的心理，以及为什么美国的行为与其他国家如此不同。

Sometimeback in the 16th century, we borrowed the word psyche directly from Greek intoEnglish. In Greek mythology, Psyche was a beautiful princess who fell in lovewith Eros (Cupid), god of love, and went through terrible trials before beingallowed to marry him. The story is often understood to be about the soul redeeming itself through love. (To the Greeks,psyche also meant “butterfly,” which suggests how they imagined the soul.) InEnglish, psyche often sounds less spiritual than soul, less intellectual thanmind, and more private than personality.

在16世纪的某个时候，我们直接从希腊语借用了单词 psyche（灵魂）。在希腊神话中，普赛克（Psyche）是一位美丽的公主，她爱上了爱神厄洛斯（即丘比特），并经历了可怕的考验才被允许嫁给他。这个故事通常被认为是关于灵魂通过爱来救赎自己。（在希腊人看来，psyche 也有“蝴蝶”的意思，表示他们对灵魂的想象。）在英语中，psyche 听起来比 sould 更缺乏灵性，比 mind 更缺乏智慧，比 personality 更注重隐私。

psychedelic  (1) Of or relating to a drug (such as LSD)that produces abnormal and often extreme mental effects such as hallucinations.

(2)Imitating the effects of psychedelic drugs.

（1）一种药物（如LSD）或与之有关的，它能产生不正常的，通常是极端的精神效果，如幻觉。

（2）模仿迷幻药物的作用。

• In heronly psychedelic experience, back in 1970, she had watched with horror as thewalls began crawling with bizarrely colored creatures.

在她唯一的一次迷幻体验中，那是在1970年，当时她惊恐地看到墙上开始爬满颜色怪异的生物。（对于密恐来说，翻译到这里感觉都起鸡皮疙瘩了）

The mostfamous—or notorious—of the psychedelic drugsis LSD, a compound that can be obtained from various mushrooms and other fungibut is usually created in the lab. The other well-known psychedelics arepsilocybin (likewise obtained from fungi) and mescaline (obtained from peyotecactus).

迷幻药中最著名或者说最臭名昭著的是LSD，它是一种化合物，可以从各种蘑菇和其他真菌中获得，但通常是在实验室中制造出来的。其他比较为人熟知的迷幻药是裸头草碱（同样从真菌中获得）和酶斯卡灵（从仙人掌中获得）。

Howpsychedelics produce their effects is still fairly mysterious, partly becauseresearch ceased for almost 20 years becauseof their reputation, but scientists are determined to find the answers and muchresearch is now under way. Psychedelics arenow used to treat anxiety in patients with cancer, and are being tested in thetreatment of such serious conditions as severe depression, alcoholism, and drugaddiction.

迷幻药是如何产生这种效果的仍然相当神秘，部分原因是因为这些药物的名声很臭，所以关于这些药物的研究停止了近20年，但科学家仍然决心找到答案，许多研究正在进行中。致幻剂现在被用于治疗癌症患者的焦虑、酗酒和药物成瘾等严重疾病。

psychosomatic：Causedby mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness.

• Herdoctor assumed her stomach problems were psychosomatic but gave her someharmless medication anyway.

她的医生认为她的胃部问题是由心理原因造成的，但还是给了她一些无害的药物。

Since theGreek word soma means “body,” psychosomatic suggests the link between mind andbody. Since one's mental state may have an important effect on one's physicalstate, research on new medicines always involves giving some patients in theexperiment a placebo (fake medicine), and some who receive the sugar pills willseem to improve.

由于希腊语单词 soma 的意思是“身体”，psychosomatic 暗示了精神和身体的练习。由于一个人的精神状态可能对他的身体状态有重要的影响，所以对新药的研究总是涉及给实验中的一些病人安慰剂（假药），而一些接受糖丸的病人似乎会有所改善。

You mayhear someone say of someone else's symptoms, “Oh, it's probably justpsychosomatic,”implying that the physical pain or illness is imaginary—maybejust an attempt to get sympathy—and that the person could will it away if he or she wanted to. But this canbe harsh and unfair, since, whatever the cause is, the pain is usually real.

你或许会听到有人说别人的症状，“哦，这可能只是心理上的，”这暗示着身体上的疼痛或疾病是想象出来的——也许只是想要获得同情——如果他/她想的话，完全可以自己消除（身体上的疼痛或疾病）。但这可能是残酷和不公平的，因为不管原因是什么，痛苦通常都是真实的。

psychotherapist  One who treats mental or emotional disorderor related bodily ills by psychological means.

• He's gettingmedication from a psychiatrist, but it's his sessions with the psychotherapistthat he really values.

他正在接受精神病医生的治疗，但他真正看重的是与心理治疗师的交流。

Many psychologistsoffer psychological counseling, and psychological counseling can usually becalled psychotherapy, so many psychologists can be called psychotherapists. Themost intense form of psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, usually requires severalvisits a week. A competing type of therapy known as behavior therapy focuses onchanging a person's behavior (often some individual habit such as stuttering,tics, or phobias) without looking very deeply into his or her mental state.

许多心理学家提供心理咨询，而心理咨询通常可以被称为“心理治疗”，所以许多心理学家可以被称为“心理治疗师”。最激烈的心理治疗形式，成为“精神分析”，通常需要一周去几次。另一种被称为“行为疗法”的疗法主要是改变一个人的行为（通常是一些个人习惯，如口吃、抽搐或恐惧症），而不是深入观察他/她的精神状态。