3册-014**********************

1. 英国贵族系统简介 

骑士Knight

Baronet从男爵

Lower Nobility下层贵族

上层贵族：公侯伯子男

nobility或者peerages

公爵头衔：Duke

公爵敬称：You，Your Grace；He，His Grace.

查尔斯王子： the Duke of Cornwall 康沃尔公爵

Prince William and Prince Harry

公爵夫人： Dutchess.

威廉王子和凯特王妃的2个儿子： 乔治王子和路易斯王子，都是Prince

王子的敬称：You ，Your Royal Highness； He ，His Royal Highness

乔治王子的全称：His Royal Highness Prince George of Cambridge

乔治的妹妹夏洛特小公主全称： Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge.

《唐顿庄园》：Robert Crawley is the Earl of Grantham. 格兰瑟姆伯爵

伯爵的敬称：He，His Lordship；You，Your Lordship / My Lord

他的妻子Cora是伯爵夫人Countess of Grantham

伯爵夫人的敬称：She ，Her Ladyship；You ，Your Ladyship / My Lady

英国贵族名称对照表

上层贵族：

公爵Duke  Dutchess(阴性)

侯爵Marquess Marquise

伯爵Earl  Countess

子爵 Viscount Viscountess

男爵 Baron  Baroness

下层贵族：

从男爵Baronet  Baronetess

骑士Knight

There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.

2.gangster 

n. 犯罪团伙的一个成员

gang： n. 帮派、犯罪团伙

a street gang 街头流氓团伙

-ster是个后缀，表示某个团体中的一位个体

youngster： 一个年轻人

gangster： 一名帮派成员

3. in return for 

1）换取： in return for

回忆：新三第4课《间谍的个人修养》

Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sarifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

许多人常常情愿放弃较高的薪水以换取做白领工人的殊荣，此乃人之常情。

一物换一物：你交了钱，我就不砸你家商铺，不肯乖乖交钱的，就别怪本大王不客气了。

2）in return单独使用

The owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters who gave them ‘protection’ in return. 

为答谢他的帮助我送了他一份礼物。

I brought him a gift in return for his help.

= He helped me, and I brought him a gift in return.

If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gansters.

4.as long ago as… 

以及各种有趣的“时间回转器”

1）as long ago as + 过去时间点

早在11世纪，中国人不仅发明了罗盘，并将其使用在航海中。

As long ago as the 11th century, the Chinese people not only invented the compass but used it in navigation.

2）back in +过去的某个时间段／某个时代（infml）

早在80年代back in the 80s

他的大学时代 back in his university days

课后挑战1：翻译

早在他参军的年代  

3) date back to + 过去时间点＝date from + 过去时间点

Lesson 3《寻宝记》：The body of one statues were found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.

其中有一尊雕像，她的躯干是在公元前15世纪的历史文物中发现的。

4）date／go back + 时间长度

我们之间朋友一场已十载。My friendship with her goes back a decade.

这个问题在两代人之前就存在了。This problem goes back 2 generations.

课后挑战2：翻译

这项传统可以追溯到200多年前。

5）go back in time 回到过去；turn back time 将时间回拨

What’s done cannot be undone. No one can go back in time.

覆水难收，没有人能逆转时间回到过去。

She used a trinket called a time-turner to go back in time.

Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.

5.Giovanni Acuto 

Giovanni是意大利语版本的John

Hawkwood。Acuto (意大利语)： sharp，clever，cunning = acute.

Giovanni Acuto = Mr. John the Cunning =“精明过人的约翰”。

Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

6.offer： 

offer和volunteer

sb. offer to do sth.： 出于慷慨、替你解围的姿态；offer的对象处在相对比较劣势的处境，需要被拉一把，需要被帮助的状态。

She offered to take care of the baby for the night. 

Out of compassion and sympathy, he offered to marry the poor orphan girl to one of his sons. But the girl refused.

分析：offer，condescending 屈尊俯就，傲慢的潜台词。

对比：volunteer to do sth.不带任何居高临下、屈尊俯就之意。

主动请缨、自告奋勇地去完成一件颇有难度的任务。

Her 5-year-old son volunteered to clean up the apartment after the party.

她那5岁的儿子主动提出，派对结束后他来打扫房间。

再次理解课文中的offer

In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

分析：和平年代，赚不到战争钱，Hawkwood自有生财之道，他先放火，后卖乖。

课后挑战3：选词填空 volunteer/offer

1）The Vice-President ______ to speak a few words at the dinner party.

2）Many students ______ to be the tour guides for visitors during this international event.

In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.

本课重点词汇总结：

1.英国贵族系统简介

2. gangster n. 犯罪团伙的一个成员

gang：n. 帮派、犯罪团伙

3. in return for sth. 换取sth.

in return 作为回报；作为换取条件

4.as long ago as + 过去时间点

5. Giovanni Acuto

6. offer和volunteer

课后挑战答案：

1. back in his military days

2. The tradition dates back / goes back over 200 years.

3. 1）offered；2）volunteered