3册-013******************************

主题：神奇的不定式

预热：为啥叫做“不定式”？

infinitive
词源：拉丁语infinitus 无限制的，没有限定的
形式：
1）to do：带to的不定式
2）do：不带to的不定式， 光秃秃的不定式
含义：没有人称、单复数及情态的变化限制，即无限定形式。
例子：
He wants to go.
He wanted to go.
They wanted to go.
核心要义：不受限定

学了不定式，到底能干些什么？
1. 跟在使役动词后面，对宾语做出补充说明
That joke made me laugh.
那个笑话让我哈哈大笑。
使役家族：make、let、have、bid等。
We let them leave.
我们让他们离开了。

I have him look at my car.
我让他检查一下我的车。
She bade me approach her.
她招呼我过去。（bid-bade-bid）
注意：使役动词转化成被动语态时，宾补要还原to。
That joke made me laugh. =I was made to laugh.

2. 感官动词家族
传统区分：do完整动作，doing正在发生的动作。
质疑：完整动作就不能是正在发生的吗？
正在发生的动作就不能是个完整的动作吗？
重新定义：see sb. do VS see sb. doing

A. see sb. do
1)强调a single action：看见某人的一个举动，相对短暂的感官体验.
I saw him go into a bank when I was driving home. 我开车回家的路上看到他走进银行。

2) 凸显现场感
I hurried after the thief up the stairs into the study and saw him push the window open and jump off! 我急急忙忙追着小偷上了楼，跑进书房，看到他正推开窗户，纵身跳了下去。

分析：push the window open和jump off
主要动作的关键刻画，最大化呈现了紧张、惊险又刺激的现场感。
对比：pushing open和jumping off
doing强调动作的持续状态

扩展：新概念二册第35课
When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.
公交车司机远远看到有人冲出商铺，跑向接应车辆。
分析：盗贼们的脚底抹油＋司机果断采取行动。

B.see sb. doing
doing侧重an ongoing state，强调动作的延续感。
The little child was so tired he leaned against me and fell asleep. I could feel him breathing in and out peacefully.这孩子太累了，他靠着我睡着了。我能感觉到他平静地呼吸着。
I heard him watching a football match over the phone.我给他打电话的时候，听到他在看一场足球赛。

C. 深度对比对比感官动词后面的doing和do
I was passing through the kitchen corridor when I heard the servants talk about Lady Mary. 我经过厨房走廊的时候突然听到佣人们在谈论玛丽小姐。

对比：I was passing through the kitchen corridor when I caught hushed voices. I came to a stop and heard the servants whispering about Lady Mary’s new boyfriend and his numerous old flames.
我经过厨房的时候突然听到有人轻声说话的声音。我停下脚步，听到仆人们在低声谈论着玛丽小姐的新男朋友和他那些数不清的前任们。

总结：跟在感官动词后面（see、hear、 feel…），do和doing都可以，含义侧重不同。see sb. do描写短暂的、快速的感官体验；see sb. doing侧重舒缓绵延的动作，或者某种稳定状态的延伸。

3. 不定式在各种动词后面充当宾语或者宾语补足语： want、aim、like、fail…
课文中：
1)She intended to dress up as a ghost…
她打算装扮成鬼魂的样子。

2)Not wanting to frighten the poor man…
3)… if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table.
4)She wanted to find out whether…
5)She had told him to come straight in …
6)She tried to explain the situation, saying “It’s only me”, but it was too late.

两个注意点：
1)有少量动词后面既可以加to do不定式，也可加doing，但是含义不同，比如像stop、forget等。
2).关于help
This proposal will help (to) balance the budget.
Can you help me (to) get over this wall?
观点一：
Those days my mother was ill, so I helped to do the cooking.
I often help to clean the room.
I often help my mother wash clothes.
He helped me solve that math problem.
观点二：这种差异常被人们所忽略，不加区分地使用。

4. to do不定式充当主语
课文：…whether it would be comfortable to wear.
不定式的词性边缘性：同时具备“名词和动词的特性”。
To err is human. 人非圣贤孰能无过。
To know me is to love me.
课后挑战1
翻译：只要活着，就要去爱。

注意：形式主语It来参与
It was nice to meet you.
It is nice to live here. 住在这儿真不错。
课文：…whether it would be comfortable to wear.
课后挑战2
翻译：我很高兴给动物们喂食。

5. 参与主语从句的构建，充当结构中的表语
What you should do is make a list. 你该做的是制定一张表单。
What I did was call him and apologize. 我做的就是打电话给他然后道歉。
课后挑战3
翻译：你该做的是邀请她来吃晚饭。

6. 不定式充当状语
I closed the door to block out any noise. 我关上门挡住外面的噪音。
这句里的to block out就是关门的目的，相当于I closed the door in order to block out any noise.

请看课文：
1）Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the metre.
2）She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy-dress party with her husband.
3）…and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on.

更多例子：
He is anxious to get a ticket. 他迫切地想要弄到一张票。
课后挑战4
翻译：我来这里，听听你有什么可说的。

7. 不定式作后置定语
the man to save us 救了我们的那个人
to save us放在the man后面修饰“那个人”
总结：不定式的特性：名词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性
不定式可充当的句式结构：主语、表语、状语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语
对比“普通名词”的局限性与“不定式”的大容量：

普通名词当主语是这样的：
Pizza is my favorite food for Saturday night.
动词不定式作主语是这样的：
It is my favorite to make a pizza with my mother on Saturday night.

课后挑战参考答案：
1. To live is to love.
2. It makes me happy to feed my animals.
3. What you should do is invite her round for dinner.
4. I came here to listen to what you have to say.