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中英文稿
When I say the word "weather" what comes to mind?
说到“天气”这个词,您会想到什么?
Maybe some light rain, a thunderstorm, a tornado, a blizzard.
也许是小雨、雷暴、龙卷风、暴风雪。
There are a ton of different weather phenomena in our atmosphere.
在我们的大气层中存在着许多不同的天气现象。
But have you ever thought about the possibility of weather in our oceans?
但是您有没有想过在海洋中也可能会有天气的存在呢?
Some of the same causes of atmospheric weather exist in the ocean, too.
造成大气气象的一些原因在海洋中也同样存在。
And it can impact marine wildlife just like a storm affects us.
它可以影响海洋野生动物,就像风暴影响我们一样。
So let's take a look at the weather underwater!
让我们来看看水下的天气!
If you've ever listened to a weather report,
如果您曾经听过天气预报的话,
you've probably heard the word "front" being thrown around.
您可能听到过“锋 ”这个词。
The meteorologist is talking about air masses that differ in temperature, wind, and humidity.
气象学家所说的是温度、风力和湿度不同的气团。
And in the ocean, fronts are pretty similar.
在海洋中,锋也非常相似。
That's where water masses of different properties meet.
这就是不同性质的水团相遇的地方。
Instead of differences in temperature,
这里没有温度,
wind, and humidity, you've got differences in temperature,
风力和湿度的差异,取而代之的是温度,
salinity, density, and more.
盐度、密度等的差异。
Ocean fronts also move around as ocean currents and winds interact with them.
海洋锋也会随着洋流和风的相互作用而移动。
So, just like meteorologists track the movements of these boundaries in the atmosphere,
因此,就像气象学家追踪大气层中这些边界的移动一样,
oceanographers are working to improve how we track them in the ocean.
海洋学家也在努力改进我们在海洋中追踪这些边界的方法。
And ocean fronts can be really important to marine wildlife!
海洋锋对海洋野生动物来说非常重要!
Let's start with plankton: The gradients of temperature,
先说浮游生物:温度,
salinity, and other water properties,
盐度和其他水体特性的梯度,
reduces the amount of mixing at these frontal zones.
减少了这些前缘地带的混合量。
With limited mixing, phytoplankton aren't carried to deeper water,
由于混合量有限,浮游植物不会被带到深水区,
allowing them to stay in the brightly lit surface waters and providing them with the opportunity to photosynthesize.
这样,浮游植物就能停留在光照充足的表层水域,并有机会进行光合作用。
Phytoplankton are the base of the food web.
浮游植物是食物网的基础。
So if there's an increase in phytoplankton, it will start to attract larger lifeforms.
因此,如果浮游植物增多,就会开始吸引更大型的生物。
Zooplankton eat the phytoplankton, fish eat the zooplankton, and so on.
浮游动物吃浮游植物,鱼类吃浮游动物,以此类推。
For example, seabirds are frequently found at the borders of ocean fronts.
例如,海鸟经常出现在海洋锋的边界。
Especially king penguins and albatrosses.
特别是帝企鹅和信天翁。
And so are filter feeding basking sharks!
滤食性姥鲨也是如此!
In some areas, they seem to follow the fronts as they shift,
在某些地区,它们似乎会随着锋面的移动而移动,
probably taking advantage of elevated levels of zooplankton!
这可能是利用了浮游动物数量增加的优势!
They have to follow the food, stalk the snacks, pursue the provisions… you get the idea!
它们必须跟着食物走,盯着零食,追着粮食……您懂的!
So you can see why marine scientists like me care about ocean fronts.
因此,您可以理解为什么像我这样的海洋科学家会关注海洋锋。
They give us a lot more information than just if we'll need an umbrella that day.
除了当天是否需要雨伞,它们还能为我们提供更多信息。
Eddies are another type of weather underwater,
涡流是水下天气的另一种类型,
but they're a bit different than eddies in the atmosphere.
但它们与大气中的漩涡有些不同。
Those are essentially whirls of air.
涡流本质上是空气的漩涡。
Rather than the air moving in a straight streamlined way,
空气不是以笔直的流线型方式流动,
it moves in a more turbulent, circular motion.
而是以更加湍急的圆周运动方式流动。
They're often caused by an obstruction of a smoother airflow by something like a building or mountain.
它们通常是由于建筑物或山脉等阻挡了较为顺畅的气流而造成的。
Some aeronautic courses even explicitly mention these eddies because they can cause turbulence,
有些航空课程甚至明确提到这些漩涡,因为它们会引起湍流,
especially for smaller aircrafts and drones.
特别是对小型飞机和无人机而言。
In the ocean, they're on a much larger scale, like 10-100km in diameter!
在海洋中,漩涡的规模要大得多,直径可达 10-100 公里!
And they can persist for months.
而且它们可以持续数月之久。
While you can have smaller eddies that create turbulent flow of water like the atmospheric eddies I mentioned,
就像我提到的大气漩涡一样,较小的漩涡也会产生湍急的水流,
these eddies are created when they break off of a larger ocean current.
这些漩涡是从更大的洋流中分离出来时产生的。
For this reason, they're a bit like atmospheric storms.
因此,它们有点类似于大气风暴。
They trap water from one water mass inside a different water mass with different properties like temperature and salinity.
它们会将一个水团中的水困在另一个具有不同性质(如温度和盐度)的水团中。
And there are a few different types Cold core rings are essentially when cold water gets trapped in warmer water.
冷涡有几种不同的类型,主要是指冷水被困在较暖的海水中。
They produce an upwelling effect, drawing nutrients up from deeper water towards the surface.
它们会产生上升流效应,将深水中的营养物质吸向海面。
This is perfect for photosynthesis and photosynthesis is dope, Hello phytoplankton productivity!
这非常适合光合作用,而光合作用又是兴奋剂,您好,浮游植物的生产力!
Warm core rings are the opposite.
暖涡则恰恰相反。
This is where warmer water is getting trapped in cooler water,
较暖的海水被困在较冷的海水中,
and they produce a downwelling effect.
会产生下沉效应。
This shunts warmer surface waters into the cold depth.
这就把较暖的表层水分流到寒冷的深海中。
It's almost like a portal for deep diving animals like sharks that allows them to stay deeper for longer by releasing them from temperature constraints they experience while diving.
它几乎就像是鲨鱼等深潜动物的入口,通过释放它们在潜水时受到的温度限制,让它们能够在更深的地方停留更长的时间。
Which is a pretty cool trick for a swirl of water!
对于水漩涡来说,这是一个非常酷的技巧!
OK, we've finally reached what is in my opinion the most confusing of our 3 underwater weather systems:
好了,我们终于来到了我认为最令人困惑的三种水下天气系统:
gravity waves!
重力波!
Not to be confused with gravitational waves.
不要和引力波混淆。
Gravity waves are called this because gravity is the restoring force here that is essentially working to flatten the waves back down into a flat plane.
重力波之所以被称为重力波,是因为重力是这里的恢复力,它的作用本质上是将波浪重新压成一个平面。
In our atmosphere, you may have seen them in the form of weird clouds that look like ripples in a pond.
在我们的大气层中,您可能见过它们以奇怪的云朵形式出现,看起来就像池塘里的涟漪。
And that is essentially what they are!
这就是它们的本质!
But instead of throwing a stone into water,
但是,不是把石头扔到水里,
it's an updraft of air that disturbs an otherwise stable air mass to create such an effect in the sky.
而是上升气流扰乱了原本稳定的气团,从而在天空中产生了这种效果。
It's similar in the ocean, but rather than a ripple on the top, it's an internal wave.
这与海洋中的情况类似,但不是顶部的涟漪,而是内部的波浪。
A wave beneath the ocean's surface.
海面下的波浪。
Instead of the wave happening at the interface of water and air at the surface like you'd see on a beach,
波浪并不像您在海滩上看到的那样发生在水面和空气的交界处,
it's a wave that moves along the boundary of two water masses that are separated because of their differences in density or temperature.
它是沿着因密度或温度不同而分离的两个水团的边界移动的波浪。
A water and water interface.
水和水的界面。
These internal waves can be caused by a lot of different things,
造成这些内波的原因有很多,
but really anything that would cause the displacement of water can create them.
但实际上,任何会导致水体位移的因素都会产生内波。
A great example is the movement of the mixed layer based on the winds.
一个很好的例子就是混合层会随风移动。
What is the mixed layer?
什么是混合层?
It's the surface layer of the ocean where you see lots of mixing due to heat flux,
在海洋的表层,由于热通量、盐度和其他特性的影响,
salinity, and other properties.
会出现大量混合现象。
The stronger the winds, the more mixing there will be, and the deeper the mixed layer will be.
风越大,混合就越多,混合层就越深。
This deepening or shallowing of the mixed layer causes displacement of water at that water and water interface that I mentioned.
混合层的加深或变浅会导致我提到的水与水交界处的水发生位移。
Now you've got a wave propagating along that boundary, an internal wave!
现在,波浪沿着边界传播,这是一种内波!
And like the other underwater weather we've talked about,
就像我们讨论过的其它水下天气一样,
large internal waves have an important part to play in sustaining ocean life.
大型内波在维持海洋生命方面发挥着重要作用。
They may dampen the effect of heat stress on corals!
它们可以抑制热应力对珊瑚的影响!
When corals get too stressed from the high temperature,
当珊瑚因高温而压力过大时,
they expel from their body the algae that helps them make food.
它们会从体内排出帮助它们制造食物的藻类。
Without them, the coral can die.
没有这些藻类,珊瑚就会死亡。
This is called coral bleaching, and it's devastating to our reefs.
这就是所谓的珊瑚白化,对我们的珊瑚礁来说是毁灭性的。
But one study shows that large internal waves may bring in cooler waters and additional nutrients and plankton that the corals can use for food.
但一项研究表明,大的内波可能会带来更凉爽的海水以及更多的营养物质和浮游生物,珊瑚可以利用这些营养物质和浮游生物作为食物。
Limiting the severity of these bleaching events.
这将限制白化现象的严重程度。
A site that was cut off from the effects of internal waves experienced more bleaching than a site that did experience internal waves.
一个与内波隔绝的地方比一个受到内波影响的地方经历了更多的白化现象。
So even if they're a little hard to understand, gravity waves can be lifesavers.
因此,即使它们有点难以理解,重力波也是救命稻草。
And these are just a few examples of ocean weather.
这些只是海洋天气的几个例子。
There are even more physical processes down there that affect wildlife.
下面还有更多影响野生动物的物理过程。
We have some pretty interesting weather phenomena up here, but so do our ocean dwelling friends!
我们这里有一些非常有趣的天气现象,但我们居住在海洋里的朋友也是如此!
I wonder if fish ever make awkward small talk about the weather, too?
不知道鱼儿们是否也会尴尬地谈论天气呢?
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