237 Lucy Zhang Article 1229-1235

第七章 环境污染和生态破坏责任


Chapter 7 Liability for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage


第一千二百二十九条 因污染环境、破坏生态造成他人损害的，侵权人应当承担侵权责任。


Article 1229 In the event of damages of others caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction, the infringor shall bear tort liability.


第一千二百三十条 因污染环境、破坏生态发生纠纷，行为人应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。


Article 1230 In the case of a dispute over environmental pollution or ecological destruction, the doer shall bear the burden of proof for the disclaimer or mitigation circumstances stipulated by the law and non-existence of cause and effect relationship between its action and the damages.


第一千二百三十一条 两个以上侵权人污染环境、破坏生态的，承担责任的大小，根据污染物的种类、浓度、排放量，破坏生态的方式、范围、程度，以及行为对损害后果所起的作用等因素确定。


Article 1231 Where two or more infringers pollute the environment or damage the ecology, the extent of liability to be borne by them shall be determined in accordance with factors such as the type,concentration and emission of pollutants, the method, scope and extent of ecological destruction, and the role of the conduct in the consequences of the damage, etc.


第一千二百三十二条 侵权人违反法律规定故意污染环境、破坏生态造成严重后果的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。


Article 1232 Where an infringer, in violation of laws and regulations, intentionally pollutes the environment or damages the ecology, thereby causing serious consequences, the infringed is entitled to claim appropriate punitive damages.


第一千二百三十三条 因第三人的过错污染环境、破坏生态的，被侵权人可以向侵权人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。侵权人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。


Article 1233 In the event of environmental pollution and ecological destruction caused by negligence of a third party, the infringed party may seek compensation from the tortfeasor or the third party. After paying compensation, the infringer shall have the right to recover such
compensation from the third party.


第一千二百三十四条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害，生态环境能够修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人在合理期限内承担修复责任。侵权人在期限内未修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织可以自行或者委托他人进行修复，所需费用由侵权人负担。


Article 1234 Where damage to the ecological environment is caused in violation of State regulations and the ecological environment is able to be restored, the authorities stipulated by the State or the organisations stipulated by the law shall have the right to request that the infringor bears the liability for restoration within a reasonable period. Where the infringer fails to carry out the repair within the time limit, the organ or organization as prescribed by the state may carry out the repair on its own or entrust others with the repair, and the expenses required shall be borne by the infringer.


第一千二百三十五条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人赔偿下列损失和费用：


Article 1235 In the event of eco-environmental damage caused by violations of state regulations, organs or organizations designated by the state shall have the right to request the infringing party to compensate for the following losses and costs:


（一）生态环境受到损害至修复完成期间服务功能丧失导致的损失；


1. the loss of service functions due to the damage to the ecological environment until the completion of the restoration;


（二）生态环境功能永久性损害造成的损失；


(II) Losses caused by permanent damage to the functions of the ecological environment;


（三）生态环境损害调查、鉴定评估等费用；


(III) the expenses of eco-environmental damage investigations, appraisal, and assessment;


（四）清除污染、修复生态环境费用；


(IV) expenses for removal of pollution and restoration of ecological environment;


（五）防止损害的发生和扩大所支出的合理费用。


(V) the reasonable costs incurred in preventing the occurrence or amplification of the damage.