40.High School English Listening

Part of being human is feeling sympathy,
but just howearly on in our lives we learn this is something that scientists would like to know.
Behavioral scientists know that newborns respond to the emotional states of other people, bycrying when other babies cry.
However, babies can't distinguish between themselves and others—shown by recognizing themselves in a mirror-until they're eighteen to twenty months old.
Toddlers also start to show concern for others around this time.
Kids also begin to do things like comfort other people at about this age.
By the time they're three,most children will try to protect a victim from a bully in a fight.
But how do kids go from the infantstage, crying when others cry, to the protecting stage of later childhood?
To find out, researchers from Kyoto University, and Toyohashi University of Technology in Japan,designed a program to test for signs of sympathy in ten-month olds.
In the video, a blue ballchases a yellow cube around the screen, repeatedly pushing and hitting it.
After the babies watched the video, they tended to reach out and try to touch the yellow cubevictim, a sign of sympathy.
When the bully became the victim, babies still reached out for theobject that got hurt.
However, some researchers think that babies might just be attracted to an object that movesdifferently in videos such as these.
So the matter of exactly when sympathy may develop is still upfor debate.
译文：
做人的一部分就是要有同情心。
但是，我们在生命中多早就学会了这一点，这是科学家们想知道的事情。
行为科学家知道，新生儿对其他人的情绪状态有反应，当其他婴儿哭的时候就会哭。
然而，婴儿在十八到二十个月大之前，还不能区分自己和他人--通过在镜子中认出自己来显示。
学步儿童在这一时期也开始表现出对他人的关心。
孩子们也在这个年龄段开始做一些事情，比如安慰别人。
到了三岁时，大多数孩子会试图保护受害者不受欺负。
但是，孩子们是如何从婴儿阶段，即当别人哭的时候哭，到儿童后期的保护阶段的？
为了找到答案，来自日本京都大学和丰桥科技大学的研究人员设计了一个程序，测试十个月大的孩子的同情心的迹象。
在视频中，一个蓝色的球在屏幕上追逐一个黄色的立方体，反复推动和撞击它。
在婴儿看完视频后，他们倾向于伸出手，试图触摸黄色立方体的受害者，这是同情的表现。
当欺凌者成为受害者时，婴儿仍然伸手去摸那个受伤的物体。
然而，一些研究人员认为，婴儿可能只是被这种视频中移动方式不同的物体所吸引。
因此，关于同情心究竟何时发展的问题仍有争议。
重点词汇：
would like to 将乐意
respond to 回应 ; 响应
other people 别人；他人；物；旁人
distinguish between 辨别，识别之间的不同〔说明〕distinguish between常不用于进行体。
start to 开始
concern for 使为…担心
this time 这次 ; 这时候
begin to do 开始做某事
By the time 到…的时候