1-6 Does RACE matter ---3--- 6分50秒
LAUNDRY IS THE ONLY THING THAT SHOULD BE COLOUR SEPARATED.
---ANONYMOUS
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IN THE 21ST CENTURY, WE MAY WANT TO BELIEVE THAT WE LIVE
IN A WORLD WHERE SUPPOSED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PEOPLE,
BASED ON CONSTRUCTED IDEAS OF RACE, HAVE DISAPPEARED.
BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE EVERYWHERE – AMONG INDIVIDUALS, IN
INSTITUTIONS, AND AT NATIONAL LEVEL –THAT WE STILL HAVE
SOME WAY TO GO.
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Focus on ethnicity
In his inaugural speech in 2009, President Obama drew attention to how he was
now president in a city where in the past his father had been unable to get work
in a restaurant because he was black. Obama was referring to the 1960s, when
legally enforceable racial segregation was coming to an end. His presidency was
taken to signal the closing of the racial divide in the United States. Events since
then have shown that such issues are far from settled. The 2016 US presidential
election, the British exit from the European Union (the so-called “Brexit”
referendum) in the UK, and the entrance of far-right parties to mainstream
politics across Europe, have all highlighted a renewed focus on ethnicity, race,
and national identity. So, the answer to “does race matter ” is “yes”.
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“Race” does not exist
There is no scientific basis for the term “race”. Most humans are genetically very
similar and there is so little variation amongst us that it is not possible to draw
neat boundaries around people and label them as a distinct racial group. Race is
an example of social construction, where social processes create something that
essentially does not exist but takes on real force in people’s lives. Sociologists
prefer to call these processes “racialization”. Historical evidence that race has
always been an issue is hard to find. For example, in ancient Rome there were
various leading figures, such as Emperor Septimius Severus (ruled C . E . 193–
211), who were black. Little is said of their skin colour in accounts written at the
time, because the ancient Romans did not think it made any difference. They
thought more in terms of judging people as being civilized or a barbarian.
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One species
Humans are highly diverse in terms of appearance and lifestyle, but our genes are all more or less the same.
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The effects of discrimination
Some sociologists claim that racism is deep-rooted in our society. And, indeed,
evidence is found in many spheres of everyday life. People from ethnic
minorities are often discriminated against in terms of jobs, housing, and
education. Analysis of how racism affects the wellbeing of minority groups
reveals relatively poor health. Where there are lifestyle factors, such as diet,
these provide only part of the explanation. Sociologists argue that the chronic
stress caused by various forms of racism, including abuse, discrimination, and
social stigma, has an even deeper impact on health.
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Institutional racism
Institutions such as health services, police forces, and private companies
sometimes treat people differently because of their ethnic origins. This does not
mean everyone working for a particular body is a racist, but that the institution
has a culture of negative assumptions about ethnicity. Protest groups formed
against institutional racism are part of the 21st-century response to prejudices we
have still to consign to the past. Race has not yet ceased to matter.
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ONLINE ACTIVISTS
The civil rights movement Black Lives Matter was formed in 2013 in response to high-profile police
killings of black people in the United States. The group is known globally for its protests against
racism. The widely dispersed Black Lives Matter activists are
united not under the banner of a single leader but through the far-
reaching power of social media such as Facebook and Twitter.
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There is more genetic variation within one ethnic group than between different
groups.
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