1-3 WOMEN and work --2--- 8分44秒
A WOMAN’S WORK IS NEVER DONE. ----ANONYMOUS
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MOST SOCIETIES DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WOMEN SO THAT THEY
HAVE FEWER OPPORTUNITIES AND EARN LESS THAN MEN.
THOUGH FOR MOST WOMEN “WORK” IS MORE THAN THEIR PAID
EMPLOYMENT. THEY ALSO WORK IN THE HOME OR CARE FOR
OTHERS, AND THIS WORK IS USUALLY UNPAID.
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Jobs for women
To fill a pressing shortage of factory workers during World War II, the US
government began a campaign to recruit more women workers. The government
was trying to reverse the dominant gender stereotype that dictated that women
were not able to work in factories, and were better suited to being secretaries or
housewives. The campaign was effective and the workforce was swelled by a
great many extra women. After the war finished, however, the men returned and
the need for women workers was reduced. Now all the women who had been
recruited lost their jobs, and the pre-war stereotype of the jobs women could do
was quickly reinstated.
This example illustrates how women’s work is determined by the kind of
society in which they live. Clearly during World War II women were capable of
doing the same work as men, once they were allowed to, but discrimination in
society has meant that they are not always given the same opportunities as men.
Though women achieve the same educational levels as men, most societies
discriminate against them, holding them in a lower position than men, so that
when it comes to access to employment many restrictions are placed on women.
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The glass ceiling
Trapped between a glass ceiling and a sticky floor is one way of summarizing
women’s experiences of work. The glass ceiling refers to women being able to
see the top jobs in the company in which they work but not being able to break
through and gain those positions. The sticky floor refers to the trap for women of
low-paid, low-status, and low-skilled jobs such as waitressing or cleaning.
low-paid, low-status, and low-skilled jobs such as waitressing or cleaning.
Despite the decades of feminism (a political and social movement that
campaigns for equality between men and women) and equal pay legislation in
Europe and North America, a woman’s weekly wage is significantly less than
that of a man in many countries. In the USA the gender pay gap, the difference
between men’s and women’s wages, is 20%, while in the UK the same gap is
just under 14%. Another way of expressing this UK figure is to imagine that if
men’s wages lasted for 12 months from 1st January, women’s would last only
until the 10th November – for the rest of the year women are effectively working
unpaid.
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Housework
For many women “work” consists of more than paid employment; it frequently
includes caring for children as well as household chores. Published in the mid-
1970s British sociologist Ann Oakley’s book The Sociology of Housework
highlighted how domestic work is just as important, demanding, and valuable as
paid work. Though Oakley’s book was written forty years ago the point it makes
is still relevant. Women still do more housework and childcare than men.
Research in Britain in 2011 by Man Yee Kan and colleagues found that on
average men do 148 minutes of chores around the house per week while women
do 280 minutes. This situation affects men as well as women, both are limited by
gender stereotypes, or fixed ideas about what jobs men and women can do.
The inequalities that exist in the workplace reflect other inequalities that
women face in society. The problems women face at work are another example
of discrimination against women.
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ROSIE THE RIVETER
During World War II the US government invented a character called Rosie the Riveter to encourage
women to work in factories. Rosie appeared on posters wearing the blue overalls usually worn by men.
She appeared with the slogan “We Can Do It” to inspire women to take up the challenge.
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Women’s roles
There are still fewer women in top executive positions in business, the law, and medicine than there are
men.
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It will be around 2150 before the gender pay gap closes in the USA and, possibly, 2070 in the UK.
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