1-2 GIRLS and BOYS -4分16秒
WE MAY THINK WE KNOW WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A BOY OR A
GIRL, IT SEEMS LIKE SOMETHING COMPLETELY NATURAL. WE ARE
BORN AS EITHER A BOY OR A GIRL AND HOW WE BEHAVE
REFLECTS THIS BIOLOGICAL FACT. HOWEVER, SOCIOLOGY TELLS
US THAT WHAT MAKES GENDER HAS A LOT TO DO WITH THE
SOCIETY IN WHICH WE LIVE.
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Is it all about biology
Is our gender identity (whether we are a boy or a girl) linked only to our biology
or is it more complex than that What constructs our gender has a great deal to
do with the society and times in which we live. If something is natural or genetic
then it would be the same in every place and in every historical period. What we
find though, is that what it means to be male or female changes constantly: it is
never a fixed thing.
For example, what it was to be a man or woman a hundred years ago is quite
different from what it is to be a woman or man today. A hundred years ago,
women were not allowed to vote and were even discouraged from offering
opinions; now a woman can run for president of the United States. There are all
sorts of associations with gender that have also changed. The colour pink is now
strongly linked with young girls, with clothes and toys for little girls all coming
in a very similar shade. However, in Victorian England pink was a boy’s colour,
it was seen as a "younger" form of the “manly” colour red.
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Being socialized
Sociologists have identified a process, called socialization, which is the way that
we learn how to fit into our society, finding out what is acceptable and what is
expected of us. Gender socialization refers to a range of obvious and subtle
processes that shape our behaviour as girls or boys. US sociologist Iris Marion
Young’s book called Throwing like a Girl explores how boys and girls are
socialized to behave differently. For example, girls are encouraged to think that
they cannot throw a ball well and that their bodies are fragile and weak, while
boys are encouraged to think the opposite.
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Putting on a performance
Another way of thinking about how our gender is constructed by society is
provided by US sociologist Judith Butler. She believes that we learn to act as
male or female. It is the impersonation of socially expected behaviour (what she
refers to as “gender performativity”) that constructs gender. Gender is therefore
something that is external rather than internal to us. This constant performing of
gender creates the false impression that what is a social practice is natural.
Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell shares Butler’s perspective that gender
is a social construct. In her analysis she claims that gender is arranged in a
hierarchy with masculinity valued higher than femininity. She believes there are
different ways to be a man or a woman and these behaviours, which she calls
“masculinities” and “femininities”, are graded in society, with some regarded as
more masculine or feminine than others. The most powerful form of masculinity
is “hegemonic masculinity”. Hegemonic refers to an idea or group of people that
are dominant in a society. This type of masculinity is a tough, successful,
outgoing, "macho" style. However, for Connell it is the behaviour that is crucial,
not the biological sex. So, women can also act in keeping with hegemonic
masculinity. The German chancellor Angela Merkel and former British prime
minister Margaret Thatcher could be said to embody the traits associated with
hegemonic masculinity.
hegemonic masculinity.
Gender then is a state of being that is explained not by thinking in terms of
biology but by referring to wider society and its expectations of what it is to be a
man or a woman.
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I DON'T NEED HELP
Research in the UK by medical sociologist Rosaleen O’Brien
(2006) found that trying to live up to the demands of hegemonic
masculinity impacted on men’s health. In the study, men avoided
talking about physical or emotional problems, which might make
them appear weak. As a result of not seeking help, health problems
could develop or be left untreated.
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Learning to fit in
The process of socialization means that boys and girls learn what sort of behaviour is acceptable in society
and what is not. If boys want to play with dolls they may be discouraged in order to fit in with what's
considered "normal".
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fact
The Telegraph newspaper listed 25 English words that are used to describe women
(and not men), including "airhead", "bossy", and "sassy".
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