ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE 筑梦帝国

1203


--Plans for the formation of a government.
--筹组政府的计划。


There was now a vast extent of country, comprising a very large portion of the interior of the Asiatic Continent, and, indeed, an immense number of wealthy, powerful hordes, under Temujin's dominion, and he at once resolved to consolidate his dominion by organizing a regular imperial government over the whole.
现在有一个广阔的国家，包括亚洲大陆内陆的很大一部分，实际上，在铁木真的统治下，有大量富有而有权势的游牧民族，他立即决定通过组织一个正规的帝国政府来巩固他的统治。
There were a few more battles to be fought in order to subdue certain khans who still resisted, and some cities to be taken.
为了制服某些仍然抵抗的可汗，还有几场战斗要打，还有一些城市要攻克。
But these victories were soon obtained, and, in a very short time after the great battle with Tayian, Temujin found himself the undisputed master of what to him was almost the whole known world.
但这些胜利很快就取得了，在与塔扬的伟大战斗过后很短的时间里，铁木真发现自己成了对他来说几乎是整个已知世界的无可争议的大师。
All open opposition to his rule had wholly disappeared, and nothing now remained for him to do but to perfect the organization of his army, to enact his code of laws, to determine upon his capital, and to inaugurate generally a system of civil government such as is required for the management of the internal affairs of a great empire.
所有对他统治的公开反对都完全消失了，现在他除了完善军队的组织，颁布他的法典，决定他的首都，建立一个管理一个大帝国内部事务所需的文官制度之外，没有什么可做的了。


--His court at Karakorom.
--他在喀喇昆仑的宫廷。
--Embassadors.
--大使。


Temujin determined upon making Karakorom his capital.
铁木真决定以喀喇昆仑为首都。
He accordingly proceeded to that city at the head of his troops, and entered it in great state.
于是，他率领他的部队向那座城市进发，大摇大摆地进入了那座城市。
Here he established a very brilliant court, and during all the following winter, while he was occupied with the preliminary arrangements for the organization and consolidation of his empire, there came to him there a continual succession of embassadors from the various nations and tribes of Central Asia to congratulate him on his victories, and to offer the allegiance or the alliance of the khans which they respectively represented.
他在这里建立了一个非常光彩夺目的宫廷，在接下来的整个冬天，当他忙于组织和巩固他的帝国的初步安排时，不断有来自中亚各国和部落的大使来到那里祝贺他的胜利，并向他们各自代表的汗国表示效忠或结成联盟。在这里，他建立了一个非常辉煌的宫廷，在整个冬天，当他忙于组织和巩固他的帝国的初步安排时，不断有来自中亚各国和部落的使节来到那里祝贺他的胜利，并向他们各自所代表的汗国表示效忠或结盟。
These embassadors all came attended by troops of horsemen splendidly dressed and fully armed, and the gayety and magnificence of the scenes which were witnessed in Karakorom during the winter surpassed all that had ever been seen there before.
这些使节都是由身着华丽衣着、全副武装的骑兵大军陪同前来的，冬天在喀喇昆仑目睹的欢乐和壮丽场面超过了以前在那里所见过的一切。


--Temujin forms a constitution.
铁木真制定宪法。


In the mean time, while the attention of the masses of the people was occupied and amused by these parades, Temujin was revolving in his mind the form of constitution which he should establish for his empire, and the system of laws by which his people should be governed.
与此同时，当人民群众的注意力被这些游行所占据和逗乐的时候，铁木真的脑海中却在想着他应该为他的帝国建立的宪法形式，以及他的人民应该由什么法律制度来治理。
He conferred privately with some of his ablest counselors on this subject, and caused a system of government and a code of laws to be drawn up by secretaries.
他私下与他最能干的几位顾问就这一问题进行了磋商，并促使秘书们起草了一套政府制度和一部法律。
The details of these proposed enactments were discussed in the privy council, and, when the whole had been well digested and matured, Temujin, early in the spring, sent out a summons, calling upon all the great princes and khans throughout his dominions to assemble at an appointed day, in order that he might lay his proposed system before them.
枢密院讨论了这些拟议的法令的细节，当整个法律被很好地消化和成熟后，铁木真在初春发出了一份传票，号召他统治地区的所有伟大的王子和汗人在指定的日期聚集在一起，以便他可以把他的提议制度提交给他们。


--Election of khans.
--选举可汗。


Temujin determined to make his government a sort of elective monarchy.
铁木真决心使他的政府成为一种选举产生的君主制。
The grand khan was to be chosen by the votes of all the other khans, who were to be assembled in a general convocation for this purpose whenever a new khan was to be installed.
大汗将由所有其他可汗的投票选出，每当新的可汗被安装时，这些可汗都将为此目的聚集在一个总的集会上。
Any person who should cause himself to be proclaimed grand khan, or who should in any other way attempt to assume the supreme authority without having been duly elected by the other khans, was to suffer death.
任何应该使自己被宣布为大可汗的人，或者应该以任何其他方式试图在没有被其他可汗正式选举的情况下夺取最高权力的人，都将遭受死亡。


--Division of the country.
--国家的分裂。


The country was divided into provinces, over each of which a subordinate khan ruled as governor.
这个国家被分成几个省，每个省都有一位下属的可汗作为省长统治。
These governors were, however, to be strictly responsible to the grand khan.
然而，这些总督必须严格对大汗负责。
Whenever summoned by the grand khan they were required to repair at once to the capital, there to render an account of their administration, and to answer any charges which had been made against them.
每当大可汗召唤他们时，他们都被要求立即到首都修理，在那里报告他们的管理情况，并回答对他们的任何指控。
Whenever any serious case of disobedience or maladministration was proved against them they were to suffer death.
每当证明对他们有任何严重的不服从或管理不善的情况时，他们就会被处死。


--Organization of the army.
--组织军队。
--Arms and ammunition.
--武器弹药。


Temujin remodeled and reorganized the army on the same or similar principles.
铁木真按照同样或相似的原则对军队进行了改造和重组。
The men were divided into companies of about one hundred men each, and every ten of these companies was formed into a regiment, which, of course, contained about a thousand men.
这些人被分成几个连，每个连约一百人，每十个连就组成一个团，当然，这个团大约有一千人。
The regiments were formed into larger bodies of about ten thousand each.
这些团组成了更大的队伍，每个人大约有一万人。
Officers were appointed, of all the various necessary grades, to command these troops, and arrangements were made for having supplies of arms and ammunition provided and stored in magazines under the care of the officers, ready to be distributed to the men whenever they should require.
各级军官被指派指挥这些部队，并作出安排，在军官的看管下提供和储存武器弹药的补给，随时准备在他们需要的时候分发给他们。


Temujin also made provision for the building of cities and palaces, the making of roads, and the construction of fortifications, by ordaining that all the people should work one day in every week on these public works whenever required.
铁木真还为修建城市和宫殿、修路和修筑防御工事做出了规定，规定所有的人在需要的时候每周工作一天从事这些公共工程。


--Hunting.
--打猎。


Although the country over which this new government was to be established was now at peace, Temujin was very desirous that the people should not lose the martial spirit which had thus far characterized them.
虽然这个新政府即将建立的国家现在是和平的，铁木真非常希望人民不要失去到目前为止一直是他们的特点的好战精神。
He made laws to encourage and regulate hunting, especially the hunting of wild beasts among the mountains; and subsequently he organized many hunting excursions himself, in connection with the lords of his court and the other great chieftains, in order to awaken an interest in the dangers and excitements of the chase among all the khans.
他制定法律鼓励和规范狩猎，特别是在山间狩猎野兽；随后，他亲自组织了许多狩猎远足，与他的宫廷领主和其他大酋长有关，以唤起所有汗人对追逐的危险和兴奋的兴趣。
He also often employed bodies of troops in these expeditions, which he considered as a sort of substitute for war.
他还经常在这些远征中使用军队，他认为这是一种战争的替代品。


--Slaves.
--奴隶。


He required that none of the natives of the country should be employed as servants, or allowed to perform any menial duties whatever.
他要求这个国家的任何当地人都不能被雇佣为仆人，也不能被允许履行任何卑微的职责。
For these purposes the people were required to depend on captives taken in war and enslaved.
为了这些目的，人民必须依靠在战争中被俘虏和被奴役的人。
One reason why he made this rule was to stimulate the people on the frontiers to make hostile excursions among their neighbors, in order to supply themselves and the country generally with slaves.
他制定这一规定的原因之一是为了刺激边境人民在邻国之间进行敌对的远足，以便为自己和国家提供普遍的奴隶。


The right of property in the slaves thus taken was very strictly guarded, and very severe laws were made to enforce it.
这样被夺走的奴隶的财产权得到了非常严格的保护，并制定了非常严厉的法律来执行它。
It was forbidden, on pain of death, to harbor a slave, or give him meat or drink, clothing or shelter, without permission from his master.
未经奴隶主人的许可，严禁窝藏奴隶，或给他肉或饮料、衣服或住所。
The penalty was death, too, if a person meeting a fugitive slave neglected to seize and secure him, and deliver him to his master.
如果遇到逃亡奴隶的人疏于抓住并保护他，并将他交给他的主人，那么惩罚也是死刑。


--Polygamy and slavery.
--一夫多妻制和奴隶制。
--Concubines.
--情妇。


Every man could marry as many wives as he pleased, and his female slaves were all, by law, entirely at his disposal to be made concubines.
每个男人都可以随心所欲地娶几个妻子，而根据法律，他的女奴都完全由他支配，可以成为情妇。


--Posthumous marriages.
--遗婚。


There was one very curious arrangement, which grew out of the great importance which, as we have already seen, was attached to the ties of relationship and family connection among these pastoral nations.
有一种非常奇怪的安排，正如我们已经看到的那样，这种安排是基于对这些牧民之间的关系和家庭联系的高度重视而产生的。
Two families could bind themselves together and make themselves legally one, in respect to their connection, by a fictitious marriage arranged between children no longer living.
两个家庭可以将自己捆绑在一起，在法律上使自己成为法律上的一个家庭，就他们的关系而言，通过在不再活着的孩子之间安排一段虚构的婚姻。
In such a case the contracts were regularly made, just as if the children were still alive, and the ceremonies were all duly performed.
在这种情况下，合同是定期签订的，就像孩子们还活着一样，仪式也都如期举行。
After this the two families were held to be legally allied, and they were bound to each other by all the obligations which would have arisen in the case of a real marriage.
此后，这两个家庭被认定为法律上的同盟，而且他们受到所有义务的约束，这些义务在真正的婚姻中会出现。
This custom is said to be continued among some of the Tartar nations to the present day.
据说，这一习俗在一些鞑靼人国家中一直延续到今天。
The people think, it is said, that such a wedding ceremony, duly solemnized by the parents of children who are dead, takes effect upon the subjects of it in the world of spirits, and that thus their union, though arranged and consecrated on earth, is confirmed and consummated in heaven.
据说，人们认为，这样的婚礼，由死去孩子的父母正式隆重举行，在精神世界里对婚礼的主体起作用，因此他们的结合，虽然是在地上安排和神圣的，但在天上得到了确认和完善。


--Punishment for theft.
--对盗窃的惩罚。


Besides these peculiar and special enactments, there were the ordinary laws against robbery, theft, murder, adultery, and false witness.
除了这些特殊和特殊的法令外，还有针对抢劫、盗窃、谋杀、通奸和伪证的普通法。
The penalties for these offenses were generally severe.
对这些罪行的处罚一般都很严厉。
The punishment for stealing cattle was death.
偷牛的惩罚是死刑。
For petty thefts the criminal was to be beaten with a stick, the number of the blows being proportioned to the nature and aggravation of the offense.
对于轻微的盗窃，罪犯要用棍子抽打，鞭打的次数与罪行的性质和严重程度成比例。
He could, however, if he had the means, buy himself off from this punishment by paying nine times the value of the thing stolen.
然而，如果他有能力的话，他可以通过支付被盗物品价值的9倍来摆脱这种惩罚。


--Religion.
--宗教。
--Freedom of choice.
--选择的自由。


In respect to religion, the constitution which Temujin made declared that there was but one God, the creator of heaven and earth, and it acknowledged him as the supreme ruler and governor of all mankind, the being "who alone gives life and death, riches and poverty, who grants and denies whatever he pleases, and exercises over all things an absolute power."
在宗教方面，铁木真制定的宪法宣布，天地的创造者只有一个上帝，并承认他是全人类的最高统治者和统治者，是“唯独给予生死、财富和贫穷，随心所欲地给予和拒绝，并对万物行使绝对权力的人”。
This one fundamental article of faith was all that was required.
这一条基本的信仰就是所需要的全部。
For the rest, Temujin left the various nations and tribes throughout his dominions to adopt such modes of worship and to celebrate such religious rites as they severally preferred, and forbade that any one should be disturbed or molested in any way on account of his religion, whatever form it might assume.
对于其余的人，铁木真离开了他统治的各个民族和部落，让他们采取各自喜欢的崇拜方式，庆祝他们各自喜欢的宗教仪式，并禁止任何人因为他的宗教而受到任何形式的干扰或猥亵，无论是什么形式的宗教。


--Assembly of the khans.
--可汗人的集会。
--Dilon Ildak.
--狄龙·伊尔达克。


At length the time arrived for the grand assembly of the khans to be convened.
可汗大集会的时间终于到了。
The meeting was called, not at Karakorom, the capital, but at a central spot in the interior of the country, called Dilon Ildak.
会议不是在首都喀喇昆仑召开的，而是在该国内陆的一个名为狄龙·伊尔达克(Dilon Ildak)的中心地点召开的。
Such a spot was much more convenient than any town or city would have been for the place of meeting, on account of the great troops of horses and the herds of animals by which the khans were always accompanied in all their expeditions, and which made it necessary that, whenever any considerable number of them were to be convened, the place chosen should be suitable for a grand encampment, with extensive and fertile pasture-grounds extending all around.
这样的地点比任何城镇的集会地点都要方便得多，因为在所有的探险活动中，都有庞大的马队和兽群陪同，这就要求每当有相当多的人聚集在一起时，所选择的地方应该适合作为一个盛大的营地，周围有广阔而肥沃的牧场。


--Their encampment.
--他们的营地。
--Tents and herds of cattle.
--帐篷和牛群。


As the several khans came in, each at the head of his own troop of retainers and followers, they severally chose their ground, pitched their tents, and turned their herds of horses, sheep, and oxen out to pasture on the plains.
当几个汗走进来时，每个人都率领着自己的臣民和追随者，他们各自选择了自己的地盘，搭起了帐篷，把他们的马群、羊群和牛群赶到平原上放牧。
Thus, in the course of a few days, the whole country in every direction became dotted with villages of tents, among which groups of horsemen were now and then to be seen galloping to and fro, and small herds of cattle, each under the care of herdsmen and slaves, moved slowly, cropping the grass as they advanced along the hill-sides and through the valleys.
因此，在几天的时间里，整个国家四面八方都布满了帐篷的村庄，其中不时可以看到一群群骑马的人来回奔跑，小群的牛群在牧民和奴隶的照料下慢慢移动，沿着山坡和山谷前进，一边割草一边吃草。


--Temujin's address.
铁木真的演说。


At length, when all had assembled, a spot was selected in the centre of the encampment for the performance of the ceremonies.
最后，当所有人都聚集在一起时，在营地中心选择了一个地点来进行仪式的表演。
A raised seat was prepared for Temujin in a situation suitable to enable him to address the assembly from it.[C] Before and around this the various khans and their attendants and followers gathered, and Temujin made them an oration, in which he explained the circumstances under which they had come together, and announced to them his plans and intentions in respect to the future.
为铁木真准备了一个加高的座位，以便他在大会上发表讲话。[C]在这前后，各汗和他们的随从和追随者聚集在一起，铁木真发表了讲话，解释了他们聚集在一起的情况，并向他们宣布了他对未来的计划和打算。(C)在演讲中，铁木真向他们解释了他们聚集在一起的情况，并向他们宣布了他对未来的计划和打算。
He stated to them that, in consequence of the victories which he had gained through their co-operation and assistance, the foundation of a great empire had been laid, and that he had now called them together in order that they might join with him in organizing the requisite government for such a dominion, and in electing a prince or sovereign to rule over it.
他对他们说，由于他通过他们的合作和帮助而取得的胜利，一个伟大帝国的基础已经奠定，现在他把他们召集在一起，以便他们可以和他一起组建这样一个统治所需的政府，并选举一位王子或君主来统治它。
He called upon them first to proceed to the election of this ruler.
他呼吁他们首先进行这位统治者的选举。




[Footnote C: See Frontispiece.]
[脚注C：见首页。]。


--Temujin is elected grand khan.
铁木真当选为大汗。


The khans accordingly proceeded to the election.
因此，可汗一家开始了选举。
This was, in fact, only a form, for Temujin himself was, of course, to be chosen.
事实上，这只是一种形式，因为铁木真本人当然会被选中。
The election was, however, made, and one of the oldest and most venerable of the khans was commissioned to announce the result.
然而，选举还是进行了，一位年龄最大、最受人尊敬的可汗人被委托宣布选举结果。
He came forward with great solemnity, and, in the presence of the whole assembly, declared that the choice had fallen upon Temujin.
他庄严地走上前来，当着全体听众的面宣布，决定权落在铁木真身上。
He then made an address to Temujin himself, who was seated during this part of the ceremony upon a carpet of black felt spread upon the ground.
然后，他向铁木真本人发表了讲话，铁木真在仪式的这一部分坐在铺在地上的黑色毛毯上。
In the address the khan reminded Temujin that the exalted authority with which he was now invested came from God, and that to God he was responsible for the right exercise of his power.
在讲话中，可汗提醒铁木真，他现在被赋予的崇高权力来自上帝，他对上帝有责任正确地行使他的权力。
If he governed his subjects well, God, he said, would render his reign prosperous and happy; but if, on the other hand, he abused his power, he would come to a miserable end.
他说，如果他治理好他的臣民，上帝会使他的统治繁荣昌盛，幸福；但另一方面，如果他滥用权力，他将会有悲惨的结局。


--He is enthroned and honored.
--他被授予王位和荣誉。


After the conclusion of the address, seven of the khans, who had been designated for this purpose, came and lifted Temujin up and bore him away to a throne which had been set up for him in the midst of the assembly, where all the khans, and their various bodies of attendants, came and offered him their homage.
讲演结束后，七位受命的汗人前来，将提木真抬起来，抬到大会中为他设立的宝座上，所有的汗人和他们的臣仆都来朝拜他。


--The old prophet Kokza.
--老先知科扎。
--Probably insane.
--可能是疯了。


Among others there came a certain old prophet, named Kokza, who was held in great veneration by all the people on account of his supposed inspiration and the austere life which he led.
在其他人当中，有一位名叫科扎的老先知，由于他所谓的灵感和他过的简朴的生活，所有的人都对他怀有极大的敬意。
He used to go very thinly clad, and with his feet bare summer and winter, and it was supposed that his power of enduring the exposures to which he was thus subject was something miraculous and divine.
他过去常常穿得很单薄，夏天和冬天都光着脚，人们认为他能忍受这样的暴露是一种奇迹和神圣的力量。(这句话的意思是：“他过去常常衣衫单薄，夏天和冬天都光着脚，人们认为他能忍受这样的暴露是一种神奇而神圣的力量。
He had received accordingly from the people a name which signified _the image of God_, and he was every where looked upon as inspired.
因此，他从人们那里得到了一个象征上帝形象的名字，他在任何地方都被认为是受了启发的。
He said, moreover, that a white horse came to him from time to time and carried him up to heaven, where he conversed face to face with God, and received the revelations which he was commissioned to make to men.
此外，他还说，不时有一匹白马来到他身边，把他抬到天堂，在那里他与上帝面对面地交谈，并接受了他被委托向人类所作的启示。
All this the people fully believed.
这一切，人民都深信不疑。
The man may have been an impostor, or he may have been insane.
那人可能是个冒名顶替者，也可能是个疯子。
Oftentimes, in such cases, the inspiration which the person supposes he is the subject of arises from a certain spiritual exaltation, which, though it does not wholly unfit him for the ordinary avocations and duties of life, still verges upon insanity, and often finally lapses into it entirely.
在这种情况下，通常情况下，人认为他是主体的灵感来自某种精神上的提升，尽管这种提升并不完全适合他从事普通的业余爱好和生活的职责，但仍然近乎疯狂，并经常最终完全陷入其中。


--His predictions.
--他的预言。
--The title Genghis Khan.
--题为成吉思汗。


This old prophet advanced toward Temujin while he was seated on his carpet of felt, and made a solemn address to him in the hearing of all the assembled khans.
当铁木真坐在毛毯上时，这位老先知向他走来，在所有聚集的汗人面前向他庄严地发表了讲话。
He was charged, he said, with a message from heaven in respect to the kingdom and dominion of Temujin, which had been, he declared, ordained of God, and had now been established in fulfillment of the Divine will.
他说，他接到了来自天堂的关于铁木真王国和统治权的信息，他宣称，铁木真的王国和统治权是上帝任命的，现在已经建立起来，以实现神圣的意愿。
He was commissioned, moreover, he said, to give to Temujin the style and title of Genghis Khan,[D] and to declare that his kingdom should not only endure while he lived, but should descend to his posterity, from generation to generation, to the remotest times.
此外，他说，他受命将成吉思汗的风格和头衔授予铁木真[D]，并宣布他的王国不仅要在他有生之年长存，而且应该世代相传，传到最遥远的时代。


[Footnote D: The signification of these words, in the language of the Monguls, was _great khan of khans_.]
[脚注D：这些词在蒙古人的语言中的意思是可汗的大汗。]。


--Homage of the khans.
--向可汗致敬。


The people, on hearing this address, at once adopted the name which the prophet had given to their new ruler, and saluted Temujin with it in long and loud acclamations.
人们听到这个演讲后，立刻采用了先知给他们的新统治者起的名字，并用这个名字向铁木真致敬，欢呼声又长又响。
It was thus that our hero received the name of Genghis Khan, which soon extended its fame through every part of Asia, and has since become so greatly renowned through all the world.
就是这样，我们的英雄得到了成吉思汗这个名字，这个名字很快就传遍了亚洲各地，从此变得举世闻名。
 * * * * *


Temujin, or Genghis Khan, as we must now henceforth call him, having thus been proclaimed by the acclamations of the people under the new title with which the old prophet had invested him, sat upon his throne while his subjects came to render him their homage.
铁木真，也就是我们现在必须这样称呼他的成吉思汗，在人民的欢呼声中被这位老先知授予他的新头衔后，坐在他的宝座上，而他的臣民们则前来向他致敬。
First the khans themselves came up, and kneeled nine times before him, in token of their absolute and complete submission to his authority.
首先，可汗自己走上前来，在他面前跪了九次，表示他们绝对完全服从他的权威。
After they had retired the people themselves came, and made their obeisance in the same manner.
他们退休后，人们自己也来了，并以同样的方式鞠躬致敬。
As they rose from their knees after the last prostration, they made the air resound once more with their shouts, crying "Long live great Genghis Khan!"
当他们在最后一次跪倒后从膝盖上站起来时，他们的呼喊再次响彻了空中，他们高喊着“伟大的成吉思汗万岁！”
in repeated and prolonged acclamations.
在反复而持久的欢呼声中。