The Art Of Atomic Diplomacy(Part Two)双语文本

Cold War Atomic Diplomacy

冷战时期的核武外交

Both the United States and the Soviet Union frequently used atomic diplomacy during the first two decades of the Cold War.

在冷战开始的前二十年，美国和苏联常常使用自己的核武外交政策。

In 1948 and 1949, during the shared occupation of postwar Germany, The Soviet Union blocked the U.S. and other Western Allies from using all roads, railroads, and canals serving much of West Berlin. President Truman responded to the blockade by stationing several B-29 bombers that “could” have carried nuclear bombs if needed to U.S. airbases near Berlin.

1948年和1949年，在战后共同占领德国期间，苏联阻止美国及其西方盟国使用所有通往西柏林大部分地区的公路、铁路和运河。作为对苏联封锁的回应，杜鲁门总统部署了几架B-29轰炸机，如果需要的话，这些轰炸机“可以”携带核弹到柏林附近的美国空军基地。

重点词句：

block someone from doing something

阻止某人干某事

例句：Forty-seven guests were stranded at the Premiere Hotel after floodwaters rose and blocked them from getting to dry land.

因洪水上涨，47名游客被困在普雷米尔酒店，无法回到干燥地面。

The fallen trees blocked us from going into the flooded area.

倒下的树木挡住了我们进入遭受洪灾的区域。

If needed 如果有必要的话

例句：

If needed, it will do so again.

如果需要，它会再来一遍。

I will go to work in the weekend if needed.

如果有必要，我周末也会工作。

However, when the Soviets did not back down and lower the blockade, the U.S. and its Western Allies carried out the historic Berlin Airlift that flew food, medicine, and other humanitarian supplies to the people of West Berlin.

然而，在苏联没有解除和降低封锁时，美国及其盟友开展了历史上著名的柏林空投行动，向西柏林地区的人们投放食物、药品和其他人道主义援助品。

重点词句：

back down 放弃；让步

例句：

She refused to back down on any point of principle.

她在任何原则问题上都拒绝让步。

It's too late to back down now.

现在打退堂鼓为时已晚。

historic和historical区别

historic：adj. 有历史意义的；历史上著名的

例如：

We should take more care of our historic buildings

我们应该更加爱护有历史意义的建筑。

historical： adj. 历史的；史学的；基于史实的

理解上的区别：

1、和历史相关的并不一定是都有历史意义的，比如，我们上课用的历史课本是与历史有关的，但是却并没有历史意义，表达上就成了“historical book”。

2、很多和历史相关的时间都是有历史意义的，用historic表达：a historic event值得纪念的历史事件。

Shortly after the start of the Korean War in 1950, President Truman again deployed the nuclear-ready B-29s as a signal to the Soviet Union of U.S. resolve to maintain influence in the region. In 1953, near the end of the war, President Dwight D.Eisenhower considered, but chose not to use atomic diplomacy to gain an advantage in peace negotiations.

1950年朝鲜战争爆发后不久，杜鲁门总统再次部署了配备核弹头的b -29轰炸机，以此向苏联表明美国在该地区维持影响力的决心。1953年，战争即将结束，德怀特总统.D.艾森豪威尔曾考虑过，但最终没有选择使用核武外交来提高和平谈判中的优势。

重点词句：

shortly after 不久之后，很快

例句：

Shortly after moving into her apartment, she found a job.

搬进公寓后不久她就找到了一份工作。

The rocket tumbled out of control shortly after lift-off.

火箭发射后不久失控坠落了。

gain an advantage 取得优势

例句：

Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage.

受人喜欢为学习和新的生活体验创造了机会，这有助于人们获得优势。

And then the Soviets famously turned the tables in the Cuban Missile Crisis, the most visible and dangerous case of atomic diplomacy.

在随后的古巴导弹危机中，苏联出色的扭转了局势，古巴导弹危机是最为显著且最具危险性的核武外交事件。

重点词句：

truned the tables （on ）扭转局势；反败为胜

例句：

She played badly in the first set, but then she turned the tables on her opponent and won the match.

第一局她打得很糟，可是后来她扭转局势赢了这场比赛。

In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey and Italy, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba in October 1962. U.S President John F. Kennedy responded by ordering a total blockade to prevent additional Soviet missiles from reaching Cuba and demanding that all nuclear weapons already on the island be returned to the Soviet Union. The blockade produced several tense moments as ships believed to be carrying nuclear weapons were confronted and turned away by the U.S. Navy.

为了应对1961年猪湾入侵的失败以及美国在土耳其和意大利部署的核导弹，苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫于1962年10月向古巴运送核导弹。美国总统约翰·f·肯尼迪对此作出回应，下令对古巴进行全面封锁，以防止更多的苏联导弹抵达古巴，并要求将古巴已经拥有的所有核武器归还给苏联。封锁造成了几次紧张的场面，被怀疑载有核武器的船只遭到美国海军的拦截并被驱离。

重点词汇：

the presence of ……的出席

例句：

The talks took place in the presence of a diplomatic observer.

会谈是在一位外交观察家在场的情况下进行的。

She seemed awed by the presence of so many famous people.

见到这么多名人出席，似乎令她惊叹不已。

prevent from

阻止，制止；妨碍

prevent someone from doing something

阻止某人干某事

prevent something from happening

阻止某事的发生

After 13 days of hair-raising atomic diplomacy, Kennedy and Khrushchev came to a peaceful agreement. The Soviets, under U.S. supervision, dismantled their nuclear weapons in Cuba and shipped them home. In return, the United States promised never again to invade Cuba without military provocation and removed its nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy.

经过13天令人毛骨悚然的核外交，肯尼迪和赫鲁晓夫达成了和平协议。苏联在美国的监督下，拆除了他们在古巴的核武器，然后运回美国。作为回报，美国承诺不再在没有军事挑衅的情况下入侵古巴，并从土耳其和意大利撤走其核导弹。

重点词句：

hair-raising

adj. 令人恐惧的；令人毛骨悚然的

例句：

Those hair-raising performances can be scary.

那些惊险的表演很吓人。

Being chased by a mugger is a hair-raising experience.

被强盗追赶真是让人毛骨悚然的经历。

never again 不再

例句：

He will never again be allowed inside a boxing ring.

他将再也不会被允许进入拳击场了。

As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. imposed severe trade and travel restrictions against Cuba that remained in effect until eased by President Barack Obama in 2016.

由于古巴导弹危机，美国对古巴实施了严厉的贸易和旅行限制，直到奥巴马总统在2016年放宽这一限制为止。

重点词句：

remain in effect 保持有效

例句：

The rules will remain in effect until October.

这些规章将实施到十月份为止。

The MAD World Shows the Futility of Atomic Diplomacy

MAD时代的到来使核武外交失去作用

By the mid-1960s, the ultimate futility of atomic diplomacy had become evident. The nuclear weapons arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union had become virtually equal in both size and destructive power. In fact, the security of both nations, as well as global peacekeeping, came to depend on a dystopian principle called “mutually assured destruction” or MAD.

到20世纪60年代中期，原子能外交已经变得毫无意义。美国和苏联的核武库在规模和破坏力方面已几乎不相上下。事实上，为了两国的安全以及全球的和平，一种被称为“同归于尽”（简称MAD）的反乌托邦原则，成为了两国之间的默契。

重点词句：

equal in 在...方面相等的

例句：

We are equal in every way.

我们在各方面都是平等的。

He has no equal in music.

他在音乐方面没有对手。

While President Richard Nixon briefly considered using the threat of nuclear weapons to hasten the end of the Vietnam War, he knew the Soviet Union would disastrously retaliate on behalf of North Vietnam and that both international and American public opinion would never accept the idea of using the atomic bomb.

虽然尼克松总统短暂考虑使用核武器的威胁来加快结束越南战争,他知道苏联会替北越进行灾难性的打击报复,因此国际和美国公众舆论不会接受使用原子弹的想法。

重点词句：

on behalf of 代表；为了

例句：

On behalf of the department I would like to thank you all.

我谨代表本部门感谢大家。

On behalf of the Students' Union, I'm writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese history.

我会代表学生写信邀请您给我们做一个关于中国历史的演讲。

Since both the United States and the Soviet Union were aware that any full-scale first nuclear strike would result in the complete annihilation of both countries, the temptation to use nuclear weapons during a conflict was greatly diminished.

由于美国和苏联都意识到，一旦开响第一枪，全面的核战会导致两国的彻底毁灭，因此在冲突中使用核武器的想法就大大降低了。

重点词句：

full-scale adj. 全面的；完全的；照原尺寸的

例句：

The fighting is threatening to turn into a full-scale war.

这次冲突可能要演变成全面战争。

The enemy is in full-scale retreat.

敌军正在全线撤退。

result in 导致

例句：

The generation gap can result in misunderstandings and cause friction between parents and children.

代沟会导致误解，引起父母和孩子之间的摩擦。

Fifty percent of road accidents result in head injuries.

50%的公路交通事故致使头部受伤。

The generation gap can result in misunderstandings and cause friction between parents and children.

As public and political opinion against the use or even the threatened use of nuclear weapons grew louder and more influential, the limits of atomic diplomacy became obvious. So while it is rarely practiced today, atomic diplomacy probably prevented the MAD scenario several times since World War II.

随着反对使用或甚至反对威胁使用核武器的公众声音和政治批判越来越响亮，影响力越来越大，原子外交的局限性变得显而易见。因此，虽然今天很少出现核武外交，但自二战以来，核外交可能多次阻止了“同归于尽”的情况的发生。

2019: US Withdraws from Cold War Arms Control Treaty2019：美国单方面退出冷战时期签订的军备控制协议约定

On August 2, 2019, the United States formally withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) with Russia. Originally ratified on 1 June 1988, the INF limited the development of ground-based missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers (310 to 3,417 miles) but did not apply to air- or sea-launched missiles. Their uncertain range and their ability to reach their targets within 10 minutes made the mistaken use of the missiles a constant source of fears during the Cold War era. Ratification of the INF launched a lengthy subsequent process during which both the United States and Russia reduced their nuclear arsenals.

2019年8月2日，美国正式退出与俄罗斯签署的《中程核力量条约》(INF)。INF最初于1988年6月1日批准，限制了射程为500至5,500公里(310至3,417英里)的陆基导弹的发展，但不适用于空中或海上发射的导弹。它们不确定的射程和10分钟内抵达目标的能力，使得导弹的走火，成为冷战时期一个不间断的恐惧来源。《中程核力量条约》的批准开启了一个漫长的进程，在此期间，美国和俄罗斯都削减了各自的核武库。

重点词句：

apply to:适用于；应用于

例句：

The convention does not apply to us.

该协定对我们不适用。

These regulations apply to everyone, without exception.

这些规章对谁都适用，没有例外。

长句分段：

Their uncertain range and their ability to reach their targets within 10 minutes// made the mistaken use of the missiles// a constant source of fears //during the Cold War era.

他们未知的射程和十分钟击中目标的能力//使得导弹的走火（误用）//成为了持续的恐惧//在冷战期间

他们未知的射程和十分钟击中目标的能力，使得导弹的走火（误用），成为了冷战期间持续的恐惧来源。

In exiting the INF Treaty, the Donald Trump administration cited reports that Russia had been violating the treaty by developing of a new land-based, nuclear-capable cruise missile. After long denying the existence of such missiles, Russia recently claimed the missile’s range is less than 500 kilometers (310 miles) and thus not in violation of the INF Treaty.

关于退出INF条约，川普政府引用大量的报告控诉俄罗斯，开发新型路基核武巡航导弹，因此认为俄罗斯破坏了条约的规定。在长期否认这种导弹的存在之后，俄罗斯最近声称，这种导弹的射程不到500公里(310英里)，因此不违反INF条约。

重点词句：

in violation of

adj. 违反（违背）

例句：

They were armed, in violation of a town ban against carrying guns.

他们都武装好了，违反了镇上关于持枪的禁令。

In announcing the US’ formal withdrawal from the INF treaty, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo placed sole responsibility for the demise of the nuclear treaty on Russia. “Russia failed to return to full and verified compliance through the destruction of its noncompliant missile system,” he said.

在宣布美国正式退出《中导条约》时，国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥将终止条约的责任全盘推给了俄罗斯。他说:“因为没有摧毁其不合规的导弹系统，由此可证俄罗斯并没有完全遵守条约”。

重点词句：

sole responsibility 唯一的责任

例句：

She has sole responsibility for the project.

那个项目由她一人负责。

Food safety is not the sole responsibility of public authorities.

食品安全不仅仅是政府当局的责任。