句子成分和基本句型

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1.句子成分

    在英语中共有9种句子成分，分别是主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语、同位语和独立主格。独立主格又叫做独立成分，与同位语一样，会在后面的从句部分进行详细的讲解。

1)主语：是句子陈述的对象。

The temperature will stay above zero.

Who's knocking at the door?

It's good to swim in summer.(It是形式主语)

2)谓语：由动词构成，说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。

She loves him deeply in her heart.

I made your birthday cake last night.

I'll go and move away the bag of rice

3)宾语：是谓语动作所涉及的对象，是动作的承受者，一般放在谓语动词后面。

I saw a cat in the tree.

I want a bottle of water.

He gave me an interesting storybook.

注：本句有2个宾语，me是间接宾语，an interesting storybook是直接宾语。这个句子还可以改写为：

He gave an interesting storybook to me.

4)定语：用于描述名词、代词、短语或从句的性质、特征等情况的词叫做定语。如：

Our country is a developing country.

I have a lot of things to do.

The boy there needs a pen. 

注：本句中there修饰the boy放在了后面，这种情况叫做定语后置。

5)状语：说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，方式，条件或伴随等。

He is playing under the tree.(地点状语)

I come specially to see you.(目的状语)

He began to live in Dalian at the age of 7.(时间状语)

6)补语：作用于主语和宾语，具有定语性描写或限制性功能，起补充说明作用。

At the meeting we elected him monitor.

We hear him singing in the hall.

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

7)表语：说明主语的性质，身份，特征和状态；表语一般放在系动词之后。

We are happy.

His pencil-case is yellow.

The dictionary is in the bag.

2.基本句型

基本句型是句子能够千变万化分结构雏形。在英语中一共有5种基本句型，分别是主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓宾+宾语补足语和主谓+双宾语。（若把there be句型也算组基本句型，则共有6种。 ）

1)主谓结构：主语+谓语

Everybody laughed.

Something happened.

The guests have arrived.

2)主谓宾结构：主语+谓语+宾语

I need a rest.

Four people are moving the piano.

Nobody could answer the question.

3)主系表/主谓补：主语+系动词+表语/主语+谓语+补语

The baby is cute.

The problem was big.

These flowers smell fragrant.

4)主谓宾+宾补：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

We elected him president.

They painted the walls creamy white.

The directors appointed him sales manager.

5)主谓+双宾语：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

Andy lent me his car.

He handed me a pen.

She bought me a book.