2册-062*************************

1.  control  v./n.控制

控制火势：get the fire under control.

用法1：受控under control /under the control of...

 失控out of control / lose control of...

The plane was under the control of terrorists.  

The pilot lost control of the plane. 

The airplane was out of control and then crashed into the World Trade Center.

People may worry about the things that they can’t control.

You cannot always control what goes on outside. But you can always control what goes on inside.

Control the controllable.

Learning to control the controllable is one of the most essential mental skills that leads to high performance.

Control the controllable and never worry about the uncontrollable. In this way, you will do a much better job.

2.  threaten v.威胁

* threat n.威胁  

A threat to a person or thing is a danger that something bad could happen to them.

造句：

Air pollution is a major threat to public health.

Drugs pose a major threat to our society.

【用法：pose a threat to ....   给.....造成威胁】

The library is under threat of closure due to lack of funding.       

【用法：面临威胁：Sb is under threat of ...】

* threaten v.威胁

用法：threaten to do    威胁做某事

threaten sb. with sth.用...威胁某人

The robber threatened the lady with a gun.

The robber threatened to kill that lady.

构词法： 

名词+ en =使具有... to cause to have... 

形容词+en =使变得.. to cause to be... 

比如：

Strengthen v.   strengthen the economy

Weaken v.       weaken the economy

Lengthen v.       lengthen the vacation

Shorten v.       shorten the vacation  

blacken v.    blacken one’s name              

Whiten v.     The toothpaste can whiten teeth.

3.  Surround v.

* v. surround :环绕  

场景造句：

Tall trees surround the house.  

= The house is surrounded with/by tall trees.

When Snow White woke up, she found herself surrounded by the seven dwarfs.

Armed police surrounded the building where the robber hid.

* surrounding ：near or around a particular place   附近的；四周的 

the surrounding mountains / the surrounding villages

* surroundings  环境；周围的事物   

Surroundings refer to everything that is around someone or something.

造句：

People who work in pleasant surroundings tend to be more efficient.

注意：

surroundings表达“环境”的意思强调___________________；

environment表达的“环境”更______________【听记1】

比如：

home environment/ political environment / environment protection.

4.  destruction n.破坏、毁灭

记忆：来自动词destroy v.破坏

注意：前缀de-表示“un”， 词根struct = build (stroy是struct的变形)， 所以：destruction/destroy  =“un-build”

1) Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

à destructive  adj. 具有毁灭性的 

A destructive earthquake 

The Great Wenchuan earthquake was destructive.

The 2008 financial crisis was destructive.                     

同根词：

construction为啥表示“建设”？  

Structure为啥表示“结构”？

5.  flood  

1) n.洪水 a flood / floods

2) flood常常用作比喻义，a flood of = a lot of

You will see a flood of people at the train station before the Spring Festival.      

When seeing her long-lost daughter, she was in floods of tears. 

Every day, we are exposed to a flood of information on the internet  

也可以说：People are flooded with information every day.

动词：flood v.  淹没；常引申为：大量地涌进

用法： flood A with B ;  A is flooded with B

The morning sun flooded my bedroom with a gentle light.

6.  desolate   adj.荒凉的

记忆：前缀de表示离开，词根sol- = sole单独的，-ate词尾

A desolate place is empty and without people, making you feel sad or scared.

* a desolate island  

* a desolate hill/mountain

desolate= very lonely and unhappy

You will feel desolate when you are on a desolate island.

7.  森林当局:  forest authorities

Authority

1）当局（可数，常用复数）:   

The authorities are the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions and have particular responsibilities. 

health authorities/authority

education authorities/authority

local authorities/authority

2)权威 Albert Einstein was an authority on physics.

“Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.”  

为啥authority这个词表示“权威，当局”？来自于author  来自auctor，表示“creator”。

8.  大量地播散草籽   

The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities .    

quantity n.数量 

1) number / amount / quantity  有啥区别

区别1：

* We use amount of with uncountable nouns. Number of is used with countable nouns.

* A quantity of or quantities of can be followed by a countable noun or an uncountable noun.  

* Quantity is more formal than amount or number.         

区别2：

* Quantity and amount are usually applied to inanimate（无生命的）objects. 

* Number can be applied to both animate（有生命的）and inanimate items

* a large number of +可数( people/ schools /companies)

* a large amount of +不可数 （time/money/work）

* a large quantity of /large quantities of +可数/不可数 (time /money / weapons)

造句：

The company has spent a large amount/ quantity of money on advertising.

The company has sold a large number/ large quantities of products.

A large number of consumers have purchased their products.

2) Quality VS Quantity 

When it comes to reading books, I always prefer quality to quantity.

9.  root

1）根                                                  

用法：take root：生根，扎根

The grass has taken root.

The trees have taken root.

The idea of life-long learning has taken root in many areas of the world.

2)注意：root的很多引申义：

比如：Grassroots可以表示“草根阶级，基层民众”

The love of money is the root of all evil .

Many Americans have their roots in Europe  

I am proud of my Chinese roots.

Jazz has its roots in both African and European music.  

If we want to solve a problem completely, we have to get to the root of it.

the root of a problem / the root cause of a problem

10. patch

1）核心：补丁  

He is wearing a jacket with patches

1）引申义1：

A patch also refers to a computer program to improve it or to correct a fault. 

* download and install the patch.

2）引申义2：A patch is also a small area of sth. :    

There is a vegetable patch in my backyard.

After the rain, there was a small patch of blue in the grey clouds.

听记答案

1. 强调周遭事物，表示更加具体的环境；更抽象，范围广，强调对人产生影响的环境。