3册-017*************************

主题：带有复杂介词结构的定语从句（下）

上期回顾： 

定语从句拼接组装的前4种模式

模式4：临时组合的动词＋介词结构，导致介词在句中的位置不太稳定，如同一颗“游走球”一样，可能出现在句末，也可能出现在关系代词前面

This is the shop which he works in. （介词悬空于句末）

This is the shop in which he works. （介词提前）

本期正课： 

1.模式4（继续上期内容）：介词＋关系代词

1）新三第1阶段的课程（Lesson1-5）中初步涉及过

Lesson 5《关于较真儿那些事儿》中的一个超级难句：

However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.

a）语言文字内部的能量斗争问题

 “统治”与“被统治”的关系

 inform的大能量，可管辖双重宾语

介词in的大能量，管辖着后面的宾语a fax

b）虚弱的which与强大的in

* which没有足够的能量独立站在从句的开头：

He sent a fax which he informed sb. sth. in. (×)

*in如果被放在了句末，形成了一种能量空挂的状态。

c）一个健康的句子中的能量平衡原则

全句中的三处能量点，就都平衡了：

对比：

结论：词与词之间能量的比拼，决定了每个词在句中的摆放位置。最后的结果，是全句的能量平衡。

2）模版4的构建过程中的“能量比拼”原则

This is the shop which he works in.（版本一：介词句末悬空）

分析：work对in有没有管辖权？in在句末妥帖吗？

This is the shop in which he works. （版本二：介词提前）

分析：不及物动词work本身就不具备带领宾语的能力，所以作为“单身贵族”一个人稳稳地站好；介词in的能量则由关系代词which妥妥地接受。

2.模式5

预热思考：5b中的介词in，能否在句末？

5a. This is the shop.

5b. He buys his food, his life supplies and his books in the shop.

This is the shop which he buys his food, his life supplies and his books in.

这么写是否OK?

分析：

动词buy提供能量，宾语his food, his life supplies and his books，能量平衡。

介词in形成了介词悬空：in既不归谓语动词管，in自己要管的which，离开它又太远太远了，等读者念完这个动宾结构buy his food, his life supplies and his books，他们都已经快忘了介词in到底是哪里来的了！

对比：This is the shop which he works in. 

分析：

动词work正好是个不及物动词，后面没有宾语，整个从句比较短小，in就算拖在句末，距离which也不算太远。

This is the shop which he buys his food, his life supplies and his books in.

在语法上就不被接受了。

解决方案：

这里不能让介词落在句末，必须把介词提前

This is the shop in which he buys his food, his life supplies and his books.

或者：This is the shop where he buys his food, his life supplies, and his books.

随堂练：

a. This is the man.

b. Much is known about the man. 此人广为人知。（模式5的延伸）

分析：

判断介词about的位置

This is the man whom much is known about. （×）

This is the man about whom much is known. (√)

总结：

1. 模式1和2都不牵涉到介词，只牵涉到顺向连接和逆向连接的问题；

2. 模式3中的介词：固定搭配，不可提前；

3. 模式4中的介词：临时搭配，提前、不提前都OK，介词后置悬空，或者介词前置都可以；注意：模式4中也可能出现复杂介词结构，那就介词就必须提前，请注意听下面的内容。

4. 模式5中的介词：孤苦伶仃，必须提前

3.回归课文三大难句

1）课文难句一（模式5的延伸）

此人广为人知：the man about whom much is known

此人鲜为人知：the man about whom little is known

课文中的第一个超级难句：

Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angoulême.

1524年，一位鲜为人知的意大利人Verrazano驾船驶进纽约港，并将该港命名为Angoulême.

2）课文难句二

A very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.

他对该港做了这样的描述：“地理位置十分适宜，位于两座小山的中间，一条大河从中间流过。”

还原过程：

a. A very agreeable situation located within two small hills.

b. A great river flowed in the midst of two small hills. (模式4的延伸)

A very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which a great river flowed.

挑战：对比课文原句，找不同

分析：通过全部倒装，达到句式平衡

A very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river. 

课文难句三：

Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.

塔身高出水面将近700英尺。高塔支撑着钢缆，而钢缆又悬吊着大桥。

还原过程

a.The towers support the cables.

b.The bridge has been suspended from the cables.（模式5的延伸）

The two towers support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.

课后挑战：

1.请将a、b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. This is the dress.

b. The dress is on sale.

2. 请将a,b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. This is the car.

b. He bought the car.

3. 请将a,b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. Tom is the boy.

b. She take cares of the boy.

4. 请将a,b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. These are the children.

b. He looks after the children.

5. 请将a,b句组合成一句话, 并判断有几种组合方式？

a. New York is the city.

b. He lives in the city.

6. 请将a、b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. These are the tools.

b. The artist creates his works with the tools.

7. 请将a,b句组合成一句话, 并判断是模式几？

a. They are praiseworthy for their efforts. 

他们的努力值得嘉许。

 b. They took lead in the competition through their efforts. 

通过努力，他们在比赛中获得领先优势。

课后挑战答案：

1.This is the dress which is on sale. 

模式一：顺连

2.This is the car which he bought. 

模式二：逆连

3.Tom is the boy whom she takes care of. 

模式三：take care of固定搭配，介词of与动词之间高粘连度，不能拆分前置。

4.These are the children whom he looks after. 

模式三：look after固定搭配，介词after与动词之间高粘连度，不能拆分前置。

5.模式四

版本一：New York is the city which he lives in. (介词后置悬空)

版本二：New York is the city in which he lives. (介词提前)

版本三：New York is the city where he lives. (关系副词代替“介词＋关系代词”)

温馨提示：版本二、版本三更为安全；版本一在非正式场合可以使用。

6.These are the tools with which the artist creates his works. 

模式五：creates his works动宾体系完整，不再关心外面的介词with，介词孤苦伶仃，放句末悬空的话距离which太远，必须提前为with which.

7.They are praiseworthy for their efforts through which they took lead in the competition.  

模式五。through必须提前。