3册-011.2丨【语法句法】如何让你的人物描写跃然纸上?

3册-011***********************

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主题一 As引导的特殊定语从句

主题二 假想世界之should have done的多种用法


一.  As引导的特殊定语从句

1. 文中原句详解

As I expected, he did not believe me. 果然不出所料,他不相信我。

分析:

1)研究从句连接词,需要自问的3个问题:

a.连接词的含义是啥?

b.连接词在从句里充当什么成分?

c.连接词与主句有什么关系?

回答:

a. as解释为“正如…一样、正像…一般”;

b. as在从句内部充当谓语动词expected—“期待”的宾语

c.连接词as代替整个主句,出现在从句里头充当expected的宾语。


2)来认识一下“模糊先行词”

This is the man who wrote this story. 

这就是写了这篇故事的人。

具有明显的名词性先行词,是定语从句的普遍特征。

一种奇特的代指现象:充当先行词的,不是一个明确的名词或名词行词组,而是一个句子。

He did not hear his alarm clock this morning, which made him late for work.

今天早上他没听到闹钟闹铃,这导致他上班迟到了。


3)“模糊先行词”的注意点

a.连接词which和as; which翻译成“这”,as翻译成“正如”;

b.模糊先行词的定语从句,需要把从句与主句用逗号间隔开;

c.由which引导,从句必须出现在主句后面;由as引导,从句在主句的前方后方都可以。

He did not believe me, as I expected.

总体来说,as引导的模糊先行词,从句放在句首更多见。


d.常与连接词as共同出现的动词有expect, predict, forsee, foretell, suspect, anticipate, hope,say、report、mention、know等,表示“预期、预计、期待、期望“;表示“怀疑”的动词suspect;以及表示“说、报道、提及、知道”等动词, 比如As we all know,…

正如地球人都知道,吸烟有害健康

As we all know, smoking is harmful to our health.

which引导的模糊先行词,对动词没有什么要求。


随堂练:

1.正如他之前所提及的,我们不会放弃这个计划。

答案:As he mentioned before, we won’t give up this plan.

2.正如新闻中所报道的那样,谋杀犯已被捕。

答案:As is reported in the news, the murderer has been caught.

改写第一题:As is mentioned by him before, we won’t give up this plan.

3.请用which来处理第二题

The murderer has been caught, which is reported in the news.

谋杀犯已被捕,这事儿新闻里说了。


总结:

上篇课文—>as在“倒装型让步状语从句”中

本篇课文—>as在定语从句家族中引导“模糊先行词”的奇葩用法。


课后挑战1请用as引导的模糊先行词从句来完成1-3题。

1.正如我所预计的那样,他们什么办法都没想出来。

2.正如我所猜测的那样,他不具备王者风范。

3.正如我所预测的,那场订婚绝不会升级为婚姻。

4.请将第1题改写成用which引导的模糊先行词从句。


二.  假想世界之should have done的多种用法

1.动词研究维度复习

1)英语的动词的四个研究面:

动词发生的时间、动词的体、动词的语态,以及动词的语气。


2)假想世界 vs  真实世界

第3课中,出现过2个例句,表示“假想世界里的强推断语气”,用来谈论“可能发生过什么”。

句1: The city at once time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.

这座古城肯定一度很繁荣,因为它享有高度的文明。

句2: This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.

她的脑袋一定是在古希腊罗马时代就为人所发现,并受到了精心的保护。


2. should have done3张面孔

1)马后炮专用表达

should have done表达当事人的后知后觉,或者说“事后诸葛亮”式的评价。

They should have called us.

他们本该打电话给我们的。

这个结构中“预期”与“现实”的落差,构成了丰富多彩的语境。在理解上,就格外需要我们用细腻心思去准确解读。


a. 不满、指责、批评

You should have left earlier.

 (Then you would have been able to catch your flight.)

你本该早点儿离开。(真实情况:你走完了,所以没能赶上班机。)

There should have been a heavier sentence. 该重判才是。(真实情况:判轻了。)

You should have reported to the police.  你本当报警。(真实情况:你没有报警。)


b. 后悔、遗憾、自责

I should have told him the truth. 

我本该告诉他实情。

We should have tried harder.

我们本该更努力一把。

I'm to blame. I should have thought of that.  

都怪我,我应该想到这一点。


c. 看笑话、冷嘲热讽

‘Perfume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.’ 


注意:should have done和should do时态上的对比

1a. You should not say such things. 你不应该说这些话。(advise against)

1b. You should not have said such things. 你本不应该说这些话。(指责)

2a. There should be some cheese in the kitchen. (expectation)

厨房里应该有些奶酪。(预期)

2b. There should have been some cheese in the kitchen. (unfulfilled expectation)

厨房里本该有些奶酪的。(预期崩塌:谁偷吃了?!)

总结:should have done的时间所指是过去,而should do则涵盖了现在与将来。


2)should + 完成时表“推测将来”或者“不亲历的当前”

a.对“将来的推测”,并不等同于对事实的陈述,所以属于假想世界的范畴;

The paint should have dried off by this time tomorrow.

油漆到明天这个时候就应该已经干了。

b.“不亲历的当前”指: 发生在现在,但是说话人并没有亲眼看见、没有亲身经历的事件。对于说话人来说,这还是“推测”,依然属于假想世界的内容。

They should have arrived in Beijing by this time.

他们这个时候该已经到北京了。

b.句中通常都含有表示截止到将来某个时间的状语,如:by this time tomorrow, by then, by the end of this week等。


课后挑战2

1.我想到那时我应该完成了。

2.到本周末,我们应该可以把整个交易谈妥。

3.信函现在该到达了。


3)吃惊讶异专用表达

should have done还可用来加强句中传达的某种情感

It is astonishing that he should have failed in the exam.

他考试竟然没有及格,真是太令人震惊了。

It’s strange that he should have left without telling us.

好奇怪,他竟没有和我们说一声就走了。


总结:

主句中含有surprising、surprised、amazing, amazed、astonishing, astonished、strange, wonder 等词,从句中使用should + 完成时,表示“对过去发生的情况表示“十分惊讶、不理解、不可思议”等,should have done翻译为“竟然、居然”。


课后挑战3

1.令人惊奇的是,她竟然对此不置一词。

2.我想不通,他怎么会这样生气。

3.我真不明白,他怎么竟然说这是我的过错。


注意:shoud do与should haved done的时态对比

1a.It is surprising that they should get married soon.(针对将来)

1b.It is surprising that they should have got married.(针对过去)

2a. It is amazing we should meet here.(针对现在)

2b. It is amazing we should have met here.(针对过去)


总结:

should do也可针对现在和将来,should have done针对过去。

课后挑战:

1. 好奇怪,灯怎么都开着。

It is strange that all the light should be on.

2.好奇怪,当时灯怎么都开着。

It is strange that all the light should have been on.


课后挑战答案 

课后挑战1:

1. As I expected, they came up with nothing.

2. As I suspected, he does not have the quality of a winner.

3. As I predicted, that engagement will never mature into a marriage.


课后挑战2:

1. I think I should have finished it by then.  

2. We should have the whole deal sewn up by the end of this week.

3. The letter should have arrived by now.


课后挑战3:

1. It is amazing that she should have said nothing about this.

2. I wonder why he should have been so angry.

3. I was surprised he should have said that it was my fault.


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用户评论
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