Itwasacold, sunnyMarchday. IwaswalkingalongthestreetinRiga. Irememberthewinterwasslowlycomingtoanend. Therewasstillsomesnowaroundhereandthere, butthepavementwasalreadyclearanddry. If you've lived in Riga, you will know that feeling of relief that the first signs of springbring, andyounolongerhavetotrudgethroughthatslushymixofsnowandmudonthestreets.
在某个寒冷、阳光灿烂的三月天里,我走在里加的街道上。我记得冬天慢慢地结束了。周围还有一些积雪,但路面已经非常干净了。如果你生活在里加,你就能体会到春天的第一个迹象带来的那种轻松感,并且你再也不用在遍布积雪的泥泞街道上跋涉了。
SothereIam, enjoyingmystroll, asIsuddenlynoticeastencilonthepavementinfrontofme, agraffiti: whiteletterspaintedonthesedarkgreybricks. Itsays, "Whereisyourresponsibility?" Thequestionstoppedmeinmytracks.
那天,我走在街上,享受着闲庭信步,突然注意到前面地砖上的一块图案,那是一片涂鸦:灰色的砖块上有一些白色的字母。上面写道:“你的责任在哪里?”这个问题使我不禁停住了脚步。
AsI'mstandingthereconsideringitsmeaning, InoticeI'mstandingoutsidetheRigaMunicipalitySocialWelfareDepartment. Soitappearsthattheauthorofthisgraffiti, whoeveritis, isaskingthisquestiontopeoplecomingtoapplyforsocialassistance. Thatwinter, IhadbeendoingresearchontheaftermathofthefinancialcrisisinLatvia.
于是,我站在原地,开始思考着它的含义,我注意到自己正站在里加市社会福利部外面。似乎这个涂鸦的作者,不管他是谁,正在向前来申请社会福利的人询问这个问题。那个冬天,我一直在研究拉脱维亚金融危机的后果。
WhentheGlobalFinancialCrisiseruptedin 2008, Latviagothithardasasmall, openeconomy. Tobalancethebooks, theLatviangovernmentchoseastrategyofinternaldevaluation. Now, inessence, thatmeantdrasticallyreducingpublicbudgetspending, so, slashingpublicsectorworkers'wages, shrinkingcivilservice, cuttingunemploymentbenefitsandothersocialassistance, raisingtaxes.
当2008年全球金融危机爆发时,作为一个小规模的开放经济体,拉脱维亚遭受了重创。为了平衡收支,拉脱维亚政府选择了内部贬值的战略。从本质上说,就是大幅削减公共预算支出,比如,削减公共部门的工资,缩减社会服务,削减失业福利和其他社会援助,加税。
Mymotherhadbeenworkingasahistoryteacherherwholelife. Theausterityforhermeantseeinghersalarycutby 30 percentallofasudden. Andthereweremanyinasituationlikehersorworse. ThecostsofthecrisiswereputontheshouldersofordinaryLatvians.
我母亲当了一辈子历史老师。紧缩就意味着,突然之间她的薪水减少了30%。很多人的情况跟她相似或者更糟。这场危机的代价需要拉脱维亚的普通百姓来承受。
Asaresultofthecrisisandtheausterity, theLatvianeconomyshrankby 25 percentinatwo-yearperiod. OnlyGreecesufferedaneconomiccontractionofacomparablescale. Yet, whileGreekswereoutinthestreetsformonthsstagingcontinuous, oftenviolentprotestsinAthens, allwasquietinRiga.
因为这场危机和紧缩,拉脱维亚经济在两年内萎缩了25%。只有希腊的经济紧缩程度达到了同样的规模。然而,当希腊人走上雅典的街头,进行了长达数月的暴力抗议活动时,里加却一片静悄悄。
Prominenteconomistswerefightinginthecolumnsof "TheNewYorkTimes" aboutthiscuriousextremeLatvianexperimentofthisausterityregime, andtheywerewatchingonindisbeliefhowtheLatviansocietywasputtingupwithit. IwasstudyinginLondonatthetime, andIremembertheOccupymovementthereandhowitwasspreadingfromcitytocity, fromMadridtoNewYorktoLondon, the 99 percentagainsttheonepercent.
著名的经济学家在《纽约时报》的专栏上争论起拉脱维亚这种奇怪的极端紧缩实验,他们难以置信地看着拉脱维亚社会是如何默默承受这一切的。我当时正在伦敦学习,我记得那里的占领运动如何从一个城市蔓延到另一个城市,从马德里到纽约,再到伦敦,99%的人反抗1%的人。
Youknowthestory. YetwhenIarrivedinRiga, therewerenoechoesoftheOccupyhere. Latvianswerejustputtingupwithit. They "swallowedthetoad," asthelocalsayinggoes. Formydoctoralresearch, Iwantedtostudyhowthestate-citizenrelationshipwaschanginginLatviainthepost-Sovietera, andIhadchosentheunemploymentofficeasmyresearchsite.
大家都知道这些事件的背景。然而当我到达里加时,这里没有一丁点“占领”的迹象。拉脱维亚人已经接受了这个事实。正如当地谚语所说,他们“吞下了癞蛤蟆”。
为了我的博士研究,我想去研究后苏联时代拉脱维亚的国家与公民关系发生了怎样的变化,我选择了失业办公室作为我的研究地点。
AndasIarrivedthereinthatautumnof 2011, Irealized, "Iamactuallywitnessingfirsthandhowtheeffectsofcrisesareplayingout, andhowthoseworstaffectedbyit, peoplewhohavelosttheirjobs, arereactingtoit." SoIstartedinterviewingpeopleImetattheunemploymentoffice.
当我在2011年秋天到达那里时,我意识到:“我其实是在亲自见证危机是如何产生影响的,以及那些受影响最严重的人,那些失去工作的人是如何响应的。”于是我开始采访我在失业办公室遇到的人。
Theywereallregisteredasjobseekersandhopingforsomehelpfromthestate. Yet, asIwassoondiscovering, thishelpwasofaparticularkind. Therewassomecashbenefit, butmostlystateassistancecameintheformofvarioussocialprograms, andoneofthebiggestoftheseprogramswascalled "Competitiveness-RaisingActivities."
他们都是注册的失业者,希望得到国家的帮助。然而,我很快发现,这是种特殊的帮助。会有一些现金补助,但绝大部分国家救助是以各种社会项目的形式呈现,其中一种最大的项目叫做“竞争力提升活动”。
Itwas, inessence, aseriesofseminarsthatalloftheunemployedwereencouragedtoattend. SoIstartedattendingtheseseminarswiththem. Andanumberofparadoxesstruckme. So, imagine: thecrisisisstillongoing, theLatvianeconomyiscontracting, hardlyanyoneishiring, andthereweare, inthissmall, brightlylitclassroom, agroupof 15 people, workingonlistsofourpersonalstrengthsandweaknesses, ourinnerdemons, thatwearetoldarepreventingusfrombeingmoresuccessfulinthelabormarket.
从本质上说,这是一系列鼓励失业者去参与的研讨会。于是我开始和他们一起参与这些研讨会。然而,有一些悖论开始困扰着我。想象一下:危机仍在继续,拉脱维亚经济正在萎缩,人才市场一片萧条,而就在这个灯火通明的小教室里,我们15人的团队正在研究每个人的优点和缺点,我们的内在恶魔,那些我们被告知会阻碍我们在劳动市场上成功的因素。
Asthelargestlocalbankisbeingbailedoutandthecostsofthisbailoutareshiftedontotheshouldersofthepopulation, wearesittinginacircleandlearninghowtobreathedeeplywhenfeelingstressed. Ashomemortgagesarebeingforeclosedandthousandsofpeopleareemigrating, wearetoldtodreambigandtofollowourdreams. Asasociologist, Iknowthatsocialpoliciesareanimportantformofcommunicationbetweenthestateandthecitizen.
当时,当地最大的银行正在接受救助,且救助的成本被转移到了普通人身上,
而我们也围坐在一起,学习在感到沮丧压抑时如何深呼吸。随着贷款抵押的房屋正在被法院拍卖,成千上万的人正在移民,我们被告知要有远大的梦想,要追随我们的梦想。作为社会学家,我知道那种社会政策是国家和公民之间沟通的重要方式。
Themessageofthisprogramwas, toputitinthewordsofoneofthetrainers,"Justdoit." Shewas, ofcourse, citingNike. Sosymbolically, thestatewassendingamessagetopeopleoutofworkthatyouneedtobemoreactive, youneedtoworkharder, youneedtoworkonyourself, youneedtoovercomeyourinnerdemons, youneedtobemoreconfident thatsomehow, beingoutofworkwastheirownpersonalfailure.
这个项目传递的信息用一个培训者的话来说就是,“只管去做。”显然,她是在引用耐克的广告词。所以象征性的,国家给失业者传递的信息是,你需要更加积极,你需要更为努力,你需要靠自己,你需要克服心魔,你需要更有信心,失业多多少少也是他们个人的失败。
Thesufferingofthecrisiswastreatedasthisindividualexperienceofstresstobemanagedinone'sownbodythroughdeepandmindfulbreathing. These types of socialprogramsthatemphasizeindividualresponsibilityhavebecomeincreasinglycommonacrosstheworld. They are partoftheriseofwhatsociologistLoicWacquantcallsthe "neoliberalCentaurstate."
这场危机的痛苦被视作可以被个人的身体通过深度而专注的呼吸来管理的个人经历。这些强调个人责任的社会项目在全球变得日渐普遍。部分是因为社会学家华康德所提出的“新自由主义的半人马。”
Now, thecentaur, asyoumightrecall, isthismythicalcreatureinancientGreekculture, halfhuman, halfbeast. It has thisupperpartofahumanandthelowerpartofahorse. So the Centaurstateisastatethatturnsitshumanfacetothoseatthetopofthesocialladder while those atthebottomarebeingtrampledover, stampeded.
半人马,如果各位还记得,是古希腊文化中的神秘生物,半人,半马。上半身是人,下半身是马。所以半人马的国家,就是指那些把它的人脸面对着社会上层阶级,而那些处于底层的人则被践踏的国家。
So topincomeearnersandlargebusinessescanenjoytaxcutsandothersupportivepolicies, while the unemployed, thepooraremadetoprovethemselvesworthyforthestate'shelp, aremorallydisciplined, are stigmatized asirresponsibleorpassiveorlazyoroftencriminalized. In Latvia, we've hadsuchaCentaurstatemodelfirmlyinplacesincethe'90s. Take, for example, the flatincometaxthatwehadinplaceupuntilthisyearthathasbeenbenefitingthehighestearners, while one quarterofthepopulationkeepslivinginpoverty.
于是高收入者和大公司可以享受减税和其他支持性政策,而失业者和穷人则被要求去证明他们值得国家援助,证明他们的道德自律,他们也常常被污蔑为不负责任、消极、懒惰,或常常因违法行为被定罪。在拉脱维亚,自上世纪90年代以来,这种半人半马的国家模式就已经存在了。例如,我们在今年之前一直实行的单一所得税一直让高收入者受益,四分之一的人口仍然生活在贫困中。
Andthecrisisandtheausterityhasmadethesekindsofsocialinequalitiesworse. Sowhilethecapitalofthebanksandthewealthyhasbeenprotected, thosewholostthemostweretaughtlessonsinindividualresponsibility. Now, asIwastalkingtopeoplewhoImetattheseseminars, Iwasexpectingthemtobeangry.
经济危机和财政紧缩使得这种社会不平等更加严重。所以当银行和富人资本得到保护时,失去最多的人反而被教导承担个人责任。那么当我和在这些研讨会上遇到的人交谈时,我预期他们会愤怒。
Iwasexpectingthemtoberesistingtheselessonsinindividualresponsibility. Afterall, thecrisiswasnottheirfault, yettheywerebearingthebruntofit. Butaspeopleweresharingtheirstorieswithme, Iwasstruckagainandagainbythepoweroftheideaofresponsibility. OneofthepeopleImetwasZanete. Shehadbeenworkingfor 23 yearsteachingsewingandothercraftsatthevocationalschoolinRiga.
我预期他们会抵制这些关于个人责任的培训。毕竟,危机不是他们的错,然而他们受到的冲击却最大。但随着人们和我们分享他们的故事,我一次次被责任这种力量所震撼。我遇到的其中一个人是扎纳特。她在里加的职业学校教缝纫和其他工艺有23个年头了。
......
learned