12月23日午间英语新闻：“水中毒”是怎么回事？每天该喝多少水？

New therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases 

退行性疾病的新治疗策略灵感来源于菠菜？ 

A group of Chinese scientists made a breakthrough as they rendered mammalian cells a unique skill owned by green plants -- turning water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and food via sunlight-- and revitalized those impaired animal cells.
一个中国科学家团队取得了突破性进展，他们使哺乳动物细胞具备了绿色植物所拥有的独特技能——通过阳光将水和二氧化碳转化为氧气和食物——并使那些受损的动物细胞恢复了活力。

The researchers from Zhejiang University developed an independent and controllable photosynthetic system derived from a device in young spinach leaves, according to the study published in the journal Nature this month.
据本月发表在《自然》杂志上的科研成果论文，浙江大学科研团队利用菠菜嫩叶中的装置开发了一种独立、可控的光合系统。

They integrated this plant system into arthritic mice's degenerated chondrocytes, which are cells found in the cartilage, and demonstrated that the modified cells, following exposure to light, help improve the metabolic process in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones with the storage of energy.
他们将这种植物系统整合到了关节炎小鼠退化的软骨细胞中，软骨细胞是在软骨中发现的细胞，再进行无创化光照治疗，有助于改善软骨细胞的合成代谢，在这个过程中，简单分子通过储存能量合成复杂分子。

The researchers encapsulated the light-powered structure in a nanosized animal cell membrane coating as of camouflage to prevent the rodent's immune system from rejecting it as a foreign body.
研究人员将光能结构封装在一个纳米级的动物细胞膜涂层中，作为一种伪装，以防止啮齿动物的免疫系统将其作为异物排斥。

In arthritis, the energy-generating devices within cells tend to lose steam, but the photosynthesis of plants can produce the needed energy-carrying molecules, said the researchers.
研究人员表示，在关节炎中，细胞内的能量生成装置往往会失去活力，但植物的光合作用能够产生所需的载能分子。

The plant-derived system is shown to correct energy imbalance, restore cellular metabolism and protect against the chronic inflammation of the joints, according to the study.
研究显示，这种植物衍生系统能够纠正能量失衡，恢复细胞代谢，并防止关节的慢性炎症。

Using the natural photosynthetic system as a therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases, is "an exciting achievement that opens up possibilities of metabolism engineering," said the paper's peer reviewer Francisco Cejudo from the University of Seville.
来自塞维利亚大学的论文同行评审弗朗西斯科·塞朱多认为：“利用植物光合作用系统作为退行性疾病的治疗策略，是一项令人兴奋的成就，它开辟了代谢工程的可能性。”

重点词汇：
1、render
英/ˈrendə(r)/
美/ˈrendər/
v.使成为，使处于某种状态；给予，提供；（以某种方式）表达，表现；粉刷，往（墙上）抹灰；将（脂肪）熬成油，使熔化；正式宣布（判决或决定）；（供审查，考虑）提交，呈报；<文>放弃，献出；演奏，演唱；翻译；绘制（指用色彩和明暗使轮廓图像具立体感）；秘密引渡（外国罪犯、恐怖嫌疑犯）；从（动物身体）提取（蛋白质、脂肪及其他可用部分）
n.底灰，底泥

2、mammalian
英/məˈmeɪliən/
美/məˈmeɪliən/
adj.哺乳类动物的
n.哺乳类

3、revitalize
英/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/
美/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/
v.使恢复生机，使复兴

4、photosynthetic
英/fəʊtəʊsɪnˈθetɪk/
美/foʊtoʊsɪnˈθetɪk/
adj.[生化] 光合的；光合作用的

5、 arthritic
英/ɑːˈθrɪtɪk/
美/ɑːrˈθrɪtɪk/
adj.关节炎的
n.[外科] 关节炎患者

6、chondrocyte
英/ˈkɒndrəʊsaɪt/
美/kɑːnˈdrəsaɪt/
n.[组织] 软骨细胞

7、cartilage
英/ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ/
美/ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/
n.软骨

8、membrane
英/ˈmembreɪn/
美/ˈmembreɪn/
n.（动植物的）膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物

What is ‘water poisoning’? How much should you drink every day?

“水中毒”是怎么回事？每天该喝多少水？

How much water should you drink each day? It's a simple question with no easy answer. Studies have produced varying recommendations over the years. But your individual water needs depend on many factors, including your health, how active you are and where you live. No single formula fits everyone. But knowing more about your body's needs for fluids will help you estimate how much water to drink each day.
你每天应该喝多少水?这是一个简单的问题，答案却并不简单。多年来，研究提出了不同的建议。但个人对水的需求取决于很多因素，包括你的健康状况、你的活动量以及你的居住地。没有一个公式适合所有人。但更多地了解你身体对液体的需求将有助于你估计每天需要喝多少水。

Normal kidneys can release up to a quart of fluid every hour. If you drink more than that, you’ll retain the excess water in your body, which causes a condition known as hyponatremia and can be hazardous to your health. 
正常情况下，肾脏的排水能力约为每小时1夸脱（约0.946升）。如果水分摄入过多，就会导致多余的水分在体内，这将导致一种被称为低钠血症的情况，并可能对健康造成危害。

Mild hyponatremia causes few symptoms, but more severe cases can lead to brain swelling and progressive neurological symptoms, including confusion, disorientation, seizures, coma and sometimes death. For most people, drinking more than needed to maintain water balance is neither necessary nor medically helpful.
轻度低钠血症引起的症状虽然不多，但严重的话可能造成脑部肿胀和进行性的神经系统症状，如精神错乱、定向障碍、癫痫、昏迷，甚至危及生命。对于大多数人来说，为了维持身体水分的平衡而摄入过多水分，既没有必要，也不会有医疗上的帮助。

According to Bruce Gordon, an expert from the World Health Organization, drinking more than 4 liters of water a day can be toxic, leading to impaired brain function or even death. Normal daily intake of water depends on the level of physical activity and climate, it is recommended that men do not exceed 3.7 liters and 2.7 liters for women.
世界卫生组织专家布鲁斯·戈登称，每天每天饮用超过4升水可能会中毒，导致大脑功能受损甚至死亡。正常人每日摄入水量要根据身体活动水平和气候，建议男性不超过3.7升，女性不超过 2.7升。

重点词汇：
1、hyponatremia
英/haɪpɒnəˈtremɪə/
美/ˌhaɪponəˈtrimiə/
n.[内科] 低钠血症；血钠过少

2、seizures
英/ˈsiːʒəz/
美/ˈsiʒər/
n.癫痫，痉挛；发作（seizure 的复数）