2022 Text 3（英语二）什么是网络暗黑模式？

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives.

不论是在我们的个人生活还是在职业生涯中，我们都遇到过这种情况。

Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice.

想一想，有多少次你被一个会员或订阅服务所欺骗或挫败，这种服务有一个完美的注册过程，但之后却很难取消，一些本应简单透明的事情却有意无意地变得复杂，损害了消费者的选择。

These are examples of dark patterns.

这些就是暗黑模式的例子。

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, "dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.

用户体验专家哈里·布里格努尔于 2010 年首次提出，“暗黑模式”是一个包罗万象的术语，指操纵用户界面以影响用户决策能力的做法。

Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel, where user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

布里格努尔识别了 12 种常见的暗黑模式，从误导和隐藏成本到蟑螂旅馆，在那里用户体验一开始似乎简单直观，但当用户试图出去时就变得困难了。

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.

在 2019 年对 53000 个产品页面和 11000 个网站的研究中，研究人员发现大约有十分之一都采用了这些设计实践。

Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.

虽广泛流行，但暗黑模式的概念仍然没有得到很好的理解。

Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

商业和非营利组织的领导者应该意识到暗黑模式，并努力避免它们产生的灰色区域。

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?

道德、有说服力的设计和暗黑模式之间的界限在哪里？

Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions.

企业应与信息技术、合规性、风险和法律团队进行对话，以审查其隐私政策，并将负责公司用户界面的客户/用户体验设计师和编码员，以及负责注册结账篮、定价和促销的营销人员和广告商纳入讨论。

Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception".

任何/所有这些团队都可以在创建或避免“数字欺骗”方面发挥作用。

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level.

立法者和监管者正慢慢开始解决围绕暗黑模式的模糊性问题，最近是在州一级。

In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.

3 月，加州总检察长宣布批准《加州消费者隐私法》(CCPA) 下的附加法规，确保消费者在寻求行使其数据隐私权时不会被混淆或误导。

The regulations aim to ban dark pattern — this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.

这些规定旨在禁止暗黑模式——这意味着禁止公司使用令人困惑的语言或不必要的步骤，如强迫用户点击多次屏幕或听取他们不应选择退出的理由。

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community.

随着越来越多的州考虑颁布更多的法规，有必要从企业界内部加强问责。

Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.