寒冬带来的身体变化，防范易发疾病

I hate winter, it's cold, it's grey, it gets dark so dang early.
我讨厌冬天，很冷，灰蒙蒙，天很早就黑了。
Turns out your body hates it too.
原来你的身体也讨厌它。
Hey, guys, Julia here for DNews.
嗨，观众朋友们，今天由茱莉亚带着大家看DNews节目。
Winter is rough for those of us who live in cold climates.
对于我们这些生活在寒冷气候中的人来说，冬天是艰难的。
As the wind chill dips below zero degrees, you ask yourself, why do I live somewhere where the air HURTS MY FACE!?
当寒风凛冽气温骤降到零度以下时，你会问自己，为什么我要住在这连空气都会伤人的地方！？
But it's not just the cold that's rough on our bodies, it's the lack of sunlight too.
但不仅仅是寒冷让我们的身体感到难受，还因为缺少阳光。
Almost all living things have a circadian rhythm that changes with the light.
几乎所有的生物都有随光而变化的昼夜节律。
From sleep cycles to hibernation, light regulates most of life on Earth.
不论是睡眠周期还是冬眠，光调节着地球上大部分生命的活动规律。
The Earth is tilted at a comfortable 23.5 degrees.
地球呈现了一个舒适的角度，倾斜了23.5度。
This means that at some parts of the year the northern hemisphere leans slightly closer to the sun and other parts of the year the southern hemisphere gets a little cozier with the sun.
这意味着，在一年中的某些时候，北半球稍微向太阳倾斜，而在一年中的其他时候，南半球与太阳的距离更近，会更舒适一些。
And with that, it means the amount of light that reaches your little section of the planet changes throughout the year.
这就是说，能到达地球的一小部分光量一年四季都在变化。
Those grey skies and fading evening light can have profound changes on your body.
那些灰蒙蒙的天空和暗淡的晚光会对你的身体产生深远的影响。
The change in light can cause problems like seasonal affective disorder, a condition which brings about a low mood as levels of sunlight induced Vitamin D drop.
光照的变化会引起诸如季节性情感障碍之类的问题，这种情况会随着阳光引起的维生素D水平的下降而导致情绪低落。
But there's a few other lesser known effects of less sunlight.
但是还有其他一些鲜为人知的日照减少而带来的影响。
In a study published in the journal Drug Metabolism & Disposition researchers found how less sunlight changes how your body metabolizes medication.
在发表于《药物代谢与处置》杂志上的一项研究中，研究人员发现阳光的减少是如何改变你身体对药物的代谢的。
They focused on two types of immune suppressing drugs, tacrolimus and sirolimus.
他们研究了两种免疫抑制药物，他克莫司和西罗莫司。
Basically the more Vitamin D, the more an enzyme CYP3A4 is produced.
基本上，维生素D越多，产生的CYP3A4酶就越多。
The more of this enzyme, the faster the drugs were metabolized.
这种酶越多，药物代谢越快。
While the study focused on just these two medications, the researchers think these results might be true for other types of medications.
虽然研究只关注了这两种药物，但研究人员认为这些结果可能适用于其他类型的药物。
So the study suggests that sunlight could affect your sensitivity to certain drugs.
因此研究表明，阳光可能会影响你对某些药物的敏感性。
And another study from the American College of Cardiology, found that cholesterol levels vary from season to season.
美国心脏病学院的另一项研究发现，胆固醇水平会随季节而变化。
In a large study of over 2.8 million adults, researchers from Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease found that for many people, cholesterol levels seem to be higher in the winter.
在一项对280多万成年人的大型研究中，来自约翰霍普金斯-西卡罗内心脏病预防中心的研究人员发现，对许多人来说，胆固醇水平在冬季似乎更高。
The researchers think that less sunlight plays a role in these rising levels.
研究人员认为，日照的减少是造成这些胆固醇水平上升的原因之一。
As we are exposed to less light during the winter, because of staying inside and shorter days, we get less vitamin D.
由于冬天人们会呆在室内、白天也更短，会让我们接触较少的光照，我们得到的维生素D也更少。
Another study published in the journal Menopause found a link between more vitamin D and lower cholesterol levels.
发表在《更年期》杂志上的另一项研究发现，维生素D含量增加与胆固醇水平降低之间存在联系。
So with less vitamin D, cholesterol levels might rise.
因此，维生素D减少，胆固醇水平可能会上升。
But even though more research is needed, there's other evidence that shows how your body takes a whopping in the winter.
但即使这些还需要更多的研究来证明，还有其他证据表明你的身体在冬天是如何承受巨大压力的。
So much so, that it affects your gene!
这么多，以至于它会影响你的基因！
One study published in the journal Nature Communications found that around 23% of human genome expression changes from season to season mostly to boost your immune system.
发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的一项研究发现，人类基因组中约23%的表达随着季节的变化而变化，主要是为了增强你的免疫系统。
This time of year is prime cold and flu season, so to fight off infections, your body switches on certain pro-inflammatory genes.
每年的这个时候都是感冒和流感的主要季节，所以为了抵御感染，你的身体会启动某些促发炎性基因。
Your DNA is made up of two strains that wrap around each other in the famous double helix structure, to get even more compact and tiny, that DNA is wrapped around little proteins called histones.
你的DNA是由两个菌株组成的，它们以著名的双螺旋结构相互缠绕，变得更加紧密和微小， DNA被包裹在称为组蛋白的小蛋白质上。
Think of how thread is wrapped around spool, that's kind of what histones look like.
想想线是如何缠绕到线轴的，这就是组蛋白的样子。
When DNA needs to be translated to make proteins, these histones unravel to let out a little bit of DNA at a time.
当DNA需要转换来制造蛋白质时，这些组蛋白会在每次分散时分解出一点点DNA。
But which histones unravel when depends on various influences.
但哪些组蛋白在什么时候分解取决于各种影响。
In this case, it's seasonal influences, probably again the amount of sunlight.
在这种情况下，它的季节性影响，可能会再次取决于阳光的多少。
When the participants went through winter months, no matter what hemisphere they were in, the lack of sunlight seemed to activate pro-inflammatory genes.
当参与者度过冬季的几个月后，不管他们在哪个半球，缺乏阳光似乎都会激活促炎基因。
And like we know from other DNews episodes, inflammation, while it can help us fight off some infections, too much can also harm our health, leading to heart disease, diabetes, or stress related mental health issues.
正如我们从其他DNews事件中了解到的那样，炎症虽然可以帮助我们抵御一些感染，但过多的炎症也会损害我们的健康，导致心脏病、糖尿病或与压力相关的心理健康问题。
Which interestingly, the authors think could be another reason for more cardiovascular deaths in the winter.
有趣的是，作者认为这可能是冬季更多心血管疾病死亡的另一个原因。
But if you live somewhere where there isn't a winter, your immune system is impacted by other kinds of seasonal changes.
但是如果你生活在一个没有冬天的地方，你的免疫系统就会受到其他季节变化的影响。
In this study, the researchers found that those who live in Gambia have seasonal peaks correlated with the rainy season (June to October), when infectious diseases seem to be more prevalent.
在这项研究中，研究人员发现，居住在冈比亚的人的季节性发病高峰与雨季（6月至10月）相关，而雨季是传染病似乎更为普遍的季节。
So happy winter to everybody who's in it!
祝住在有冬季地区的大家冬天快乐！
Enjoy your body's changes.
享受你身体的变化。
I hope this season brings you more joy than it brings cardiovascular, psychiatric or inflammatory issues!
我希望这个季节带给你更多的快乐，而不是带来心血管、精神或炎症问题！

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