E63 千人千面｜一锄头凿出的绝世奇迹：兵马俑是怎样造成的？

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MASSIMILIANO DE SANTIS/FOTOTECA 9X12
Pit 1 is the largest repository of figurines in Qin Shi Huangdi's mausoleum. Since their discovery in 1974, the figures at the front have been restored, while the toppled figures to the rear await their turn. So far, only a fraction of the vast funerary complex has been excavated, and researchers believe many other unexcavated pits remain.
一号坑是秦始皇陵最大的俑坑。自1974年被发现以来，前面的雕塑已经被修复，而后面倒塌的雕塑仍在等待修复。到目前为止，这个巨大的墓葬群只有一小部分被挖掘出来，研究人员相信还有许多未挖掘出的俑坑。

课程撰稿人

李大猫

课程讲述人

李大猫

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How were China's legions of terra-cotta warriors made? Experts have pieced it together

中国的兵马俑是如何造出来的？专家们有了结论

①How was it possible to bring together the raw materials, the technical know-how, and the labor to build thousands of life-size soldiers in the third century B.C.? Producing the terra-cotta army required a standardized mass-production system, along with highly efficient project management. 

在公元前三世纪，如何获得原材料，掌握相关技术，并且组织起人力，造出成千上万个真人大小的士兵呢？制造出这么一支陶土军队，必须要有标准化的批量生产体系，还要有相当高效的项目管理能力。

②They have proposed that the labor force was organized in relatively small teams, working in parallel to produce separate pieces. The warriors were not produced and assembled in one workshop; instead, separate groups of artisans, each headed by a master, assembled the warriors one by one, which, once painted, would be taken down to the pits. The setting up and coordinating of numerous workshops requires huge investment. If there is a set-back, a new team could be activated to resolve the issue.

考古学家提出，制造兵马俑的工人被分成了相对较小的队伍，同时生产不同的零件。这些兵马俑的制造和组装并不在一起，而是由工匠们组成小组，每个小组在组长的带领下，一个个将兵马俑拼装起来，这些兵马俑在被涂漆之后，就会被带到俑坑里。建立、统筹这么多工作组需要大量投入。如果一个小组遇到了障碍，可以立马让新团队顶上，解决问题。

③It is often said of Qin Shi Huangdi's terra-cotta army that no two figures are exactly the same. Some investigators believe that the producers worked with a set range of different appearances, which, when mixed together, combined to give an impression of individuality.

据说，在秦始皇的兵马俑大军中，没有两尊雕塑是完全一样的。一些研究者认为，创作者有一个“面部特征库”，在创造的时候会把这些特征随机结合，从而达到“千人千面”的效果。

ALAMY/CORDON PRESS

An archer is poised to strike despite his bow having decayed. This figure was found in the north section of Pit 2.

弓箭手准备射击，尽管弓已经腐烂了。这个雕塑在二号坑北侧被发现。

ROBERT BURCH/ALAMY/CORDON PRESS

Bright colors can still be seen on a soldier in the ground. Exposure to the air damages these pigments, so archaeologists are working to conserve the 2,200-year-old hues.

在地上的士兵身上，还能看到鲜艳的颜色。暴露在空气中会破坏这些颜料，因此考古学家正致力于保存这种2200年前的色彩。

精选语言点 

1. 词汇

1）legion /ˈliːdʒən/ n. 军团；众多

Legions of fans came to the concert. 大批粉丝来参加演唱会。

2）piece /piːs/ n. 块；件 v. 修补；接合

piece sth. together 把某物拼凑在一起

3）know-how /ˈnəʊ haʊ/ n. 知识；技能

4）standardized /'stændə,daizd/ adj. 标准的；标准化的

standardized tests 标准化考试

standardize v. 使标准化

The purpose of education is to standardize every child. 教育的目的就是为了让所有孩子达到标准。

standard n. 标准

5）mass /mæs/ adj. 众多的；大规模的

mass media 大众传媒

weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器

standardized mass-production system 标准化的批量生产体系

6）propose /prəˈpəʊz/ v. 建议；提出

proposition n. 提案

7）relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ adv. 相对地

8）parallel /ˈpærəlel/ n. 平行线 adj. 平行的；类似的

parallel lines 平行线

There are a number of obvious parallels between the two books. 这两本书里有许多明显相似的地方。

He has no parallel. 他无可匹敌。

do sth. in parallel 同时做某事

9）assemble /əˈsembl/ v. 集合；装配

10）workshop /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ n. 车间；研讨会

11）artisan /ˌɑːtɪˈzæn/ n. 工匠，技工

artifact n. 工艺品

architechture n. 建筑

12）pit /pɪt/ n. 深坑

13）coordinate /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/ v. 协调；配合

14）numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/ adj. 许多的，很多的

15）activate /ˈæktɪveɪt/ v. 激活

16）resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/ v. 解决；下决心

resolve the issue 解决问题

17）figure /ˈfɪɡjər/ n. 人物；体形

A strange bearded figure entered the room.  一个留着胡子的陌生人走进了房间。

18）appearance /əˈpɪərəns/ n. 外貌，外观

19）set /set/ adj. 不变的，固定的

My parents say I have to be home by a set time. 我父母说我得在规定的时间回家。

set lunch 午餐定食

My father has very set opinions. 我父亲有很严重的定式思维。

a set range of sth. 固定范围的某物

20）individuality /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti/ n. 个性；个人特征

2. 词组

1）terra-cotta warriors 兵马俑

2）bring together sth. 把…放在一起

3）labor force 劳动力

4）set up 建立

5）set-back 挫折，障碍

set sth. back 削弱…；使倒退

This defeat has set back their chances of winning the competition. 这次失败降低了他们赢得这次竞赛的机会。

6）it is said that… 据传闻，据说

7）work with sth. 运用某种工具、材料

原文链接 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/china-terra-cotta-warriors-made-by-army-artisans