THE SULTAN MOHAMMED 苏丹·穆罕默德

1217


The portion of China which Genghis Khan had added to his dominions by the conquests described in the last chapter was called Katay, and the possession of it, added to the extensive territories which were previously under his sway, made his empire very vast.
成吉思汗在最后一章中所描述的征服中国的部分被称为加泰，它的占有加上以前在他统治下的广大领土，使他的帝国变得非常广阔。
The country which he now held, either under his direct government, or as tributary provinces and kingdoms, extended north and south through the whole interior of Asia, and from the shores of the Japan and China Seas on the east, nearly to the Caspian Sea on the west, a distance of nearly three thousand miles.
他现在控制的国家，无论是在他的直接政府统治下，还是作为附属省和王国，南北贯穿整个亚洲内陆，东起日本海和中国海之滨，西至里海，距离近三千英里。


--Mohammedan countries on the west.
--西部的穆罕默德国家。


--Sultan Mohammed.
--苏丹·穆罕默德。


--Karazm.
--卡拉兹姆。


Beyond his western limits lay Turkestan and other countries governed by the Mohammedans.
在他的西部边界之外是突厥斯坦和其他由穆罕默德统治的国家。
Among the other Mohammedan princes there was a certain Sultan Mohammed, a great and very powerful sovereign, who reigned over an extensive region in the neighborhood of the Caspian Sea, though the principal seat of his power was a country called Karazm.
在其他穆罕默德王子中，有一位苏丹·穆罕默德，他是一位伟大而强大的君主，统治着里海附近的一大片地区，尽管他的权力主要所在地是一个名为卡拉赞的国家。
He was, in consequence, sometimes styled Mohammed Karazm.
因此，他有时被称为穆罕默德·卡拉姆(Mohammed Karazm)。


--Proposed embassy.
--拟建大使馆。


It might perhaps have been expected that Genghis Khan, having subdued all the rivals within his reach in the eastern part of Asia, and being strong and secure in the possession of his power, would have found some pretext for making war upon the sultan, with a view of conquering his territories too, and adding the countries bordering on the Caspian to his dominions.
也许可以预料到，成吉思汗在征服了亚洲东部所有触手可及的对手之后，又强大又安全地掌握了自己的权力，于是找了一些借口向苏丹开战，目的也是为了征服他的领土，并把里海沿岸的国家纳入他的统治范围。
But, for some reason or other, he concluded, in this instance, to adopt a different policy.
但是，出于这样或那样的原因，他得出结论，在这种情况下，他应该采取一种不同的政策。
Whether it was that he was tired of war and wished for repose, or whether the sultan's dominions were too remote, or his power too great to make it prudent to attack him, he determined on sending an embassy instead of an army, with a view of proposing to the sultan a treaty of friendship and alliance.
不管是因为他厌倦了战争，想要休息，还是因为苏丹的领土太偏远，或者他的权力太大而不能谨慎地攻击他，他决定派遣大使馆而不是军队，以期向苏丹提议签订一项友好和联盟条约。




The time when this embassy was sent was in the year 1217, and the name of the principal embassador was Makinut.
这座大使馆成立的时间是1217年，主要使节的名字是马基努特(Makinut)。


--Makinut and his suite.
--马基努特和他的套房。


Makinut set out on his mission accompanied by a large retinue of attendants and guards.
马基努特在一大批随行人员和警卫的陪同下出发执行他的任务。
The journey occupied several weeks, but at length he arrived in the sultan's dominions.
旅途花了几个星期的时间，但最终他到达了苏丹的领地。
Soon after his arrival he was admitted to an audience of the sultan, and there, accompanied by his own secretaries, and in the presence of all the chief officers of the sultan's court, he delivered his message.
在他到达后不久，他被允许与苏丹的听众见面，在他自己的秘书的陪同下，在苏丹宫廷的所有首席官员面前，他发表了他的消息。


--Speech of the embassador.
--大使讲话。


He gave an account in his speech of the recent victories which his sovereign, Genghis Khan, had won, and of the great extension which his empire had in consequence attained.
他在讲话中叙述了他的君主成吉思汗最近取得的胜利，以及他的帝国因此而获得的巨大扩张。
He was now become master, he said, of all the countries of Central Asia, from the eastern extremity of the continent up to the frontiers of the sultan's dominions, and having thus become the sultan's neighbor, he was desirous of entering into a treaty of amity and alliance with him, which would be obviously for the mutual interest of both.
他说，他现在已经成为中亚所有国家的主人，从大陆的东端到苏丹领土的边界，因此成为苏丹的邻国，他渴望与他签订友好和联盟条约，这显然是为了双方的共同利益。他说，他现在已经成为中亚所有国家的主人，从大陆的东端到苏丹统治的边界，他已经成为了中亚所有国家的主人，因此他成为苏丹的邻国，他渴望与他签订友好联盟条约，这显然符合双方的共同利益。
He had accordingly been sent an embassador to the sultan's court to propose such an alliance.
因此，他被派了一位大使到苏丹的宫廷去提议这样的联盟。
In offering it, the emperor, he said, was actuated by a feeling of the sincerest good-will.
他说，皇帝供奉它，是出于一种最真诚的善意。
He wished the sultan to consider him as a father, and he would look upon the sultan as a son.
他希望苏丹把他当作父亲，把苏丹当作儿子。


--Father and son.
--父子俩。


--The sultan not pleased.
“苏丹不高兴。”


According to the patriarchal ideas of government which prevailed in those days, the relation of father to son involved not merely the idea of a tie of affection connecting an older with a younger person, but it implied something of pre-eminence and authority on the one part, and dependence and subjection on the other.
根据当时盛行的父权观念，父子关系不仅包含了年长的人与年轻的人之间的感情纽带，还隐含着一种高贵权威，另一种是依附和服从的意味。(译者注：父子关系是指父子关系，父子关系不仅包含着年长的人与年轻的人之间的感情纽带，还隐含着一种高贵权威，另一种是依附和服从。
Perhaps Genghis Khan did not mean his proposition to be understood in this sense, but made it solely in reference to the disparity between his own and the sultan's years, for he was himself now becoming considerably advanced in life.
也许成吉思汗的主张不是这样理解的，而仅仅是考虑到他自己的年龄和苏丹的年龄有差距，因为他自己现在的生活已经相当进步了。
However this may be, the sultan was at first not at all pleased with the proposition in the form in which the embassador made it.
不管情况如何，苏丹起初对大使提出的建议一点也不满意。


--Private interview.
--私下采访。


He, however, listened quietly to Makinut's words, and said nothing until the public audience was ended.
然而，他静静地听着马基努特的话，一言不发，直到公众听众结束。
He then took Makinut alone into another apartment in order to have some quiet conversation with him.
然后他把马基努特一个人带到了另一间公寓，以便和他进行一些安静的交谈。
He first asked him to tell him the exact state of the case in respect to all the pretended victories which Genghis Khan had gained, and, in order to propitiate him and induce him to reveal the honest truth, he made him a present of a rich scarf, splendidly adorned with jewels.
他先请他告诉他成吉思汗所取得的一切假胜利的确切情况，为了安抚他，诱使他揭露真相，他送给他一条镶着华丽珠宝的华丽围巾。


--Conversation.
--谈话。


"How is it?"
“味道怎么样？”
said he; "has the emperor really made all those conquests, and is his empire as extensive and powerful as he pretends? Tell me the honest truth about it."
他说，“皇帝真的征服了所有的人吗？他的帝国真的像他假装的那样庞大和强大吗？告诉我实情吧。”




"What I have told your majesty is the honest truth about it," replied Makinut.
“我告诉陛下的都是实情，”麦基努特回答说。
"My master the emperor is as powerful as I have represented him, and this your majesty will soon find out in case you come to have any difficulty with him."
“我的主人皇帝和我所代表的一样有权势，这一点陛下很快就会知道的，万一您跟他有什么困难的话。”


--Anger of the sultan.
--苏丹的愤怒。


This bold and defiant language on the part of the embassador greatly increased the irritation which the sultan felt before.
大使的这种大胆和挑衅的言辞大大增加了苏丹以前感到的恼怒。
He seemed much incensed, and replied in a very angry manner.
他似乎很生气，并以非常愤怒的方式回答。


"I know not what your master means," said he, "by sending such messages to me, telling me of the provinces that he has conquered, and boasting of his power, or upon what ground he pretends to be greater than I, and expects that I shall honor him as my father, and be content to be treated by him only as his son. Is he so very great a personage as this?"
“我不知道你的主人是什么意思，”他说，“他给我发了这样的信，告诉我他已经征服的省份，吹嘘他的力量，或者他凭什么假装比我伟大，并期望我把他当作我的父亲，只满足于被他当作他的儿子对待。他真的像这样一个伟大的人物吗？”


--Makinut returns a soft answer.
--Makinut返回一个软答案。


Makinut now found that perhaps he had spoken a little too plainly, and he began immediately to soften and modify what he had said, and to compliment the sultan himself, who, as he was well aware, was really superior in power and glory to Genghis Khan, notwithstanding the great extension to which the empire of the latter had recently attained.
马基努特现在发现，也许他说得有点太直白了，他立刻开始软化和修改他所说的话，并恭维苏丹本人，因为他很清楚，尽管成吉思汗的帝国最近取得了很大的扩张，但苏丹王在权力和荣誉方面确实优于成吉思汗。
He also begged that the sultan would not be angry with him for delivering the message with which he had been intrusted.
他还恳求苏丹不要生他的气，因为他传递了他所信任的信息。
He was only a servant, he said, and he was bound to obey the orders of his master.
他说，他只是个仆人，他必须服从主人的命令。
He assured the sultan, moreover, that if any unfavorable construction could by possibility be put upon the language which the emperor had used, no such meaning was designed on his part, but that in sending the embassage, and in every thing connected with it, the emperor had acted with the most friendly and honorable intentions.
此外，他向苏丹保证，如果皇帝所用的语言有可能受到任何不利的解释，他就没有这样的意思，但在派遣大使，以及与之相关的每一件事上，皇帝的行为都是出于最友好和最光荣的意图。


--The sultan is appeased.
--苏丹被安抚了。


--Treaty made.
--签定了条约。


By means of conciliating language like this the sultan was at length appeased, and he finally was induced to agree to every thing which the embassador proposed.
通过这样的和解语言，苏丹终于得到了安抚，最后他被说服同意了大使提出的每一件事。
A treaty of peace and commerce was drawn up and signed, and, after every thing was concluded, Makinut returned to the Mongul country loaded with presents, some of which were for himself and his attendants, and others were for Genghis Khan.
一份和平贸易条约起草并签署了，一切都结束了，麦基努特带着礼物回到了蒙古国，其中一些是给他自己和他的随从的，另一些是给成吉思汗的。




He was accompanied, too, by a caravan of merchants, who, in consequence of the new treaty, were going into the country of Genghis Khan with their goods, to see what they could do in the new market thus opened to them.
与他同行的还有一队商人，由于新条约的规定，他们要带着货物进入成吉思汗的国家，看看在这样向他们开放的新市场里能做些什么。
This caravan traveled in company with Makinut on his return, in order to avail themselves of the protection which the guard that attended him could afford in passing through the intervening countries.
这支商队在马基努特回来时与马基努特同行，以便得到看守他的卫兵在经过中间国家时所能负担得起的保护。
These countries being filled with hordes of Tartars, who were very little under the dominion of law, it would have been unsafe for a caravan of rich merchandise to pass through them without an escort.
这些国家充斥着成群结队的鞑靼人，他们几乎不受法律的管辖，如果没有护送的情况下，一支装满丰富商品的商队经过这些国家是不安全的。


--Genghis Khan is pleased.
成吉思汗对此感到高兴。


Genghis Khan was greatly pleased with the result of his embassy.
成吉思汗对使馆的工作成果非常满意。
He was also much gratified with the presents that the sultan had sent him, which consisted of costly stuffs for garments, beautiful and highly-wrought arms, precious stones, and other similar articles.
他还对苏丹送给他的礼物感到非常满意，礼物包括昂贵的衣服、漂亮的和高度锻造的手臂、宝石和其他类似的物品。
He welcomed the merchants too, and opened facilities for them to travel freely throughout his dominions and dispose of their goods.
他也欢迎商人，并为他们开放设施，让他们在他的领地内自由旅行，并处理他们的货物。


--Opening of the trade.
--开放贸易。


In order that future caravans might go and come at all times in safety, he established guards along the roads between his country and that of the sultan.
为了未来的商队可以随时安全进出，他在他的国家和苏丹之间的道路上设立了警卫。
These guards occupied fortresses built at convenient places along the way, and especially at the crossing-places on the rivers, and in the passes of the mountains; and there orders were given to these guards to scour the country in every direction around their respective posts, in order to keep it clear of robbers.
这些卫兵占领了沿途方便的地方，特别是河流上的过路处和山口上的堡垒，并奉命在各自的哨所周围的各个方向搜查全国，以防止强盗进入。
Whenever a band of robbers was formed, the soldiers hunted them from one lurking-place to another until they were exterminated.
每当有一队强盗形成，士兵们就从一个潜伏的地方到另一个潜伏的地方追捕他们，直到他们被消灭。
In this way, after a short time, the country became perfectly safe, and the caravans of merchants could go and come with the richest goods, and even with treasures of gold and silver, without any fear.
就这样，过了很短的时间，这个国家变得完全安全了，商人的商队可以带着最富有的货物，甚至带着金银财宝，无所畏惧地去和来。


--The exorbitant merchants.
--横行霸道的商人。


At first, it would seem, some of the merchants from the countries of Mohammed asked too much for their goods.
起初，一些来自穆罕默德国家的商人似乎对他们的商品要价过高。
At least a story is told of a company who came very soon after the opening of the treaty, and who offered their goods first to Genghis Khan himself, but they asked such high prices for them that he was astonished.
至少有一个故事讲的是，一家公司在条约签订后不久就来了，他自己先向成吉思汗提出了自己的货物，但他们的要价如此之高，使成吉思汗感到惊讶。




"I suppose," said he, "by your asking such prices as these, you imagine that I have never bought any goods before."
“我想，”他说，“你这样要价，你以为我以前从来没有买过东西吧。”


--Their punishment.
--他们的惩罚。


He then took them to see his treasures, and showed them over a thousand large chests filled with valuables of every description; gold and silver utensils, rich silks, arms and accoutrements splendidly adorned with precious stones, and other such commodities.
然后他带他们去看他的宝藏，并带他们看了一千多个大箱子，里面装满了各种各样的贵重物品：金银器皿、华丽的丝绸、装饰着华丽宝石的武器和装备，以及其他类似的商品。
He told them that he showed them these things in order that they might see that he had had some experience in respect to dealings in merchandise of that sort before, and knew something of its just value.
他告诉他们，他给他们看这些东西，是为了让他们知道他以前在经营这类商品方面有过一些经验，对它的正当价值有所了解。
And that, since they had been so exorbitant in their demands, presuming probably upon the ignorance of those whom they came to deal with, he should send them back with all their goods, and not allow them to sell them any where in his dominions, at any price.
既然他们的要求如此之高，很可能是因为他们不知道他们来打交道的人，所以他应该把他们连同他们所有的货物一起送回去，并且不允许他们在他的领土内的任何地方以任何价格出售这些货物。




[Illustration: MERCHANTS OFFERING THEIR GOODS.]
[插图：商家提供他们的商品。]。




This threat he put in execution.
他实施的这一威胁。
The merchants were obliged to go back without selling any of their goods at all.
商人们被迫回去，他们的货物一件也不能卖。


--The next company.
--下一家公司。


--Their artful management.
--他们巧妙的管理。


The next company of merchants that came, having heard of the adventure of the others, determined to act on a different principle.
下一批来到这里的商人，在听说了其他人的冒险经历后，决定按照不同的原则行事。
Accordingly, when they came into the presence of the khan with their goods, and he asked them the prices of some of them, they replied that his majesty might himself fix the price of the articles, as he was a far better judge of the value of such things than they were.
因此，当他们带着他们的货物来到可汗面前，他问他们其中一些的价格时，他们回答说，陛下可能会亲自定价，因为他对这些东西的价值比它们的价值更有判断力。
Indeed, they added that if his majesty chose to take them without paying any thing at all he was welcome to do so.
事实上，他们补充说，如果国王陛下选择不付任何费用就带走他们，我们欢迎他这样做。




This answer pleased the emperor very much.
这个回答使皇帝非常高兴。
He paid them double price for the articles which he selected from their stores, and he granted them peculiar privileges in respect to trading with his subjects while they remained in his dominions.
他付给他们双倍的价格购买他从他们的商店挑选的物品，并在他们仍在他的统治范围内给予他们与他的臣民进行贸易的特殊特权。


--Genghis Khan fits out a company.
--成吉思汗组建了一家公司。


--Embassadors.
--大使。


The trade which was thus opened between the dominions of the sultan and those of Genghis Khan was not, however, wholly in the hands of merchants coming from the former country.
然而，苏丹领地和成吉思汗领地之间这样开放的贸易并不完全掌握在来自前一个国家的商人手中。
Soon after the coming of the caravan last mentioned, Genghis Khan fitted out a company of merchants from his own country, who were to go into the country of the sultan, taking with them such articles, the products of the country of the Monguls, as they might hope to find a market for there.
上次提到的商队刚来不久，成吉思汗就安排了一队自己国家的商人，他们要进入苏丹的国家，随身带着这样的物品--蒙古国的产品，因为他们可能希望在那里找到销路。
There were four principal merchants, but they were attended by a great number of assistants, servants, camel-drivers, etc., so that the whole company formed quite a large caravan.
有四个主要商人，但有大量的助手、仆人、赶骆驼的人等参加，所以整个连队组成了一个相当大的商队。
Genghis Khan sent with them three embassadors, who were to present to the sultan renewed assurances of the friendly feelings which he entertained for him, and of his desire to encourage and promote as much as possible the commercial intercourse between the two countries which had been so happily begun.
成吉思汗派出了3位大使，他们将向苏丹再次保证他对他的友好感情，并表示他愿意尽可能鼓励和促进两国之间业已愉快开始的商业往来。


--Mohammedans.
--穆罕默德人。


The three embassadors whom Genghis Khan selected for this service were themselves Mohammedans.
成吉思汗为这一仪式挑选的三位大使本身就是穆罕默德人。
He had several persons of this faith among the officers of his court, although the Monguls had a national religion of their own, which was very different from that of the Mohammedans; still, all forms of worship were tolerated in Genghis Khan's dominions, and the emperor was accustomed to take good officers into his service wherever he could find them, without paying any regard to the nature of their religious belief so far as their general duties were concerned.
他的朝廷官员中有几个信奉这一信仰的人，尽管蒙古人有自己的民族宗教，这与穆罕默德人的宗教有很大的不同；但在成吉思汗的统治下，各种形式的崇拜都是可以容忍的，皇帝习惯于在任何他能找到的地方为他服务，而不考虑他们的宗教信仰的性质，就他们的一般职责而言。
But now, in sending this deputation to the sultan, he selected the embassadors from among the Mohammedans at his court, thinking that it would please the sultan better to receive his message through persons of his own religious faith.
但是现在，当他把这个代表团派给苏丹时，他从他的宫廷里的穆罕默德教徒中挑选了大使，认为通过他自己的宗教信仰的人来接收他的信息会更好地取悦苏丹。
Besides, the three persons whom he appointed were natives of Turkestan, and they were, of course, well acquainted with the language of the country and with the country itself.
此外，他任命的三个人都是土耳其斯坦人，他们当然熟悉该国的语言和国家本身。


--Messengers from the court.
--宫廷使者。


Besides the merchants and the embassadors, Genghis Khan gave permission to each of his wives, and also to each of the great lords of his court, to send a servant or messenger with the caravan, to select and purchase for their masters and mistresses whatever they might find most curious or useful in the Mohammedan cities which the caravan might visit.
除了商人和使节之外，成吉思汗还允许他的每一位妻子和他的宫廷中的每一位大领主派一名仆人或信使跟随商队，为他们的主人和情妇挑选和购买他们认为在商队可能访问的穆罕默德城市中最好奇或最有用的任何东西。
The lords and ladies were all very glad to avail themselves of the opportunity thus afforded them.
勋爵和夫人们都很高兴能利用这样给他们提供的机会。


--Large party.
--大型聚会。


All these persons, the embassadors and their suite, the merchants and their servants, and the special messengers sent by the lords and ladies of the court, formed, as may well be supposed, a very numerous company.
所有这些人，使节和他们的侍从，商人和他们的仆人，以及宫廷里的勋爵和夫人们派来的特派使者，可以说组成了一个非常多的公司。
It is said that the caravan, when ready to commence its march, contained no less than four hundred and fifty persons.
据说，当大篷车准备开始游行时，载有不下450人。


--Roads doubly guarded.
--道路戒备森严。


Every thing being at last made ready, the caravan set out on its long journey.
最后一切都准备好了，大篷车开始了它的长途旅行。
It was accompanied by a suitable escort, and, in order to provide still more effectually for the safety of the rich merchandise and the valuable lives committed to it, Genghis Khan sent on orders beforehand to all the military stations on the way, directing the captains to double the guard on their respective sections of the road while the caravan was passing.
在适当的护送下，为了更有效地保障贵重商品的安全和宝贵的生命，成吉思汗事先向沿途各军事驻地下达命令，指挥队长们在大篷车经过时，在各自路段加倍看守。




By means of these and other similar precautions the expedition accomplished the journey in safety, and arrived without any misfortune in the Mohammedan country.
通过这些和其他类似的预防措施，探险队安全地完成了旅程，并毫发无损地抵达了这个穆罕默德国家。
Very serious misfortunes, however, awaited them there immediately after their arrival, arising out of a train of events which had been for some time in progress, and which I must now go back a little to describe.
然而，在他们到达那里之后，由于一系列已经发生了一段时间的事件，等待着他们的是非常严重的不幸，现在我必须回顾一下这些事情的来龙去脉。


--The Calif of Bagdad.
--巴格达的加利福尼亚州。


It seems that some difference had arisen some time before this between the Sultan Mohammed and the Calif of Bagdad, who was the great head of the Mohammedan power.
似乎在此之前的一段时间，苏丹穆罕默德和巴格达德的加州之间出现了一些不同，后者是穆罕默德政权的伟大领袖。
Mohammed applied to the calif to grant him certain privileges and powers which had occasionally been bestowed on other sultans who had rendered great services to the Mohammedan empire.
穆罕默德向加州申请授予他某些特权和权力，这些特权和权力偶尔会授予其他为穆罕默德帝国做出重大贡献的苏丹。
He claimed that he had merited these rewards by the services which he had rendered.
他声称他所提供的服务是当之无愧的。
He had conquered, he said, more than one hundred princes and chieftains, and had cut off their heads and annexed their territories to his dominions, thus greatly enlarging and extending the Mohammedan power.
他说，他已经征服了一百多位王子和酋长，砍下了他们的头，并将他们的领土并入他的统治之下，从而极大地扩大和扩大了穆罕默德的权力。