The History Of Cuban Chinese（双语字幕）

古巴中国移民史
A Short History of the Chinese in Cuba


1850年代末，第一批到古巴的中国移民从事着蔗糖种植工作，当时的古巴是世界上最大的白糖出口国。
The Chinese first arrived in Cuba in significant numbers in the late 1850s to toil in Cuba’s sugarcane fields. At that time, Cuba was arguably the largest producer of sugar in the world.


1833年由于英国禁止了奴隶交易，美国的奴隶输入数量下降，导致古巴的农场主们面临人力短缺的问题，不得不向其他地方招募人手。
Due to the diminishing African slave trade after England’s abolition of slavery in 1833 and the decline of slavery in the United States, a labor shortage in Cuba led plantation owners to search for workers elsewhere.


鸦片战争之后，由于社会动荡，中国出现了劳动力大量过剩的问题。特别是在南方地区，农业生产的改变、人口数量的增加、对清政府统治的不满、自然灾害、强盗横行等等，使得很多农民不得不离开中国往海外发展。
China emerged as the labor source following deep social upheaval after the First and Second Opium Wars. Changes in the farming system, a surge in population growth, political discontentment, natural disasters, banditry, and ethnic strife—especially in southern China—led many farmers and peasants to leave China and look for work overseas.


有一部分人是自愿签署劳动合同前往古巴，而还有一部分人被强迫签署卖身式劳动合同。
While some willingly left China for contract work in Cuba, others were coerced into semi-indentured servitude.


从中国开往古巴的船第一艘船
The First Ship


1857年六月三日，第一艘开往古巴的船上载了200名中国劳工，他们签署了八年的劳动合同。在很多情况下，这些中国苦力的待遇和非洲黑奴差不多。虐待中国劳工的严重情况引起了清政府的注意，1873年清政府甚至派专员前往古巴调查大量的劳工自杀情况和农场主劳动合同违约的行为。
On June 3, 1857, the first ship arrived in Cuba carrying about 200 Chinese laborers on eight-year contracts. In many cases, these Chinese “coolies” were treated just as the African slaves were. The situation was so severe that the imperial Chinese government even sent investigators to Cuba in 1873 to look into a large number of suicides by Chinese laborers in Cuba, as well as allegations of abuse and breach of contract by plantation owners.


调查结束后，在1874年最后一艘开往古巴的劳工船之后，中国的劳工交易被清政府禁止。
Shortly after, the Chinese labor trade was prohibited and the last ship carrying Chinese laborers reached Cuba in 1874.


华人社区的建立
Establishing a Community


很多中国劳工和古巴本地人、非洲人和混血女人结婚。但异族通婚法案禁止了他们与西班牙女人结婚。
Many of these laborers intermarried with the local population of Cubans, Africans, and mixed-race women. Miscegenation laws forbade them to marry Spaniards.


这些古巴中国人开始建立自己的社区，1870年代是社区的鼎盛时期，有超过四万中国人居住在古巴社区。
These Cuban-Chinese began to develop a distinct community. At its height, in the late 1870s, there were more than 40,000 Chinese in Cuba.


在哈瓦那，他们建立了中国城并发展出44个街区，成为拉丁美洲最大的外国人社区。在这里，他们开设了商店、饭店、洗衣店和工厂。一种结合加勒比和中国风味的独特烹饪技术被开发出来。
In Havana, they established “El Barrio Chino” or Chinatown, which grew to 44 square blocks and was once the largest such community in Latin America. In addition to working in the fields, they opened shops, restaurants, and laundries and worked in factories. A unique fusion Chinese-Cuban cuisine melding Caribbean and Chinese flavors also emerged.


中国城居民建立了社区组织和社交俱乐部，比如1893年成立的松华赌场。这些社区组织直到今天，继续为中国人提供培训教育和文化活动，中文报纸光华报直到今天还在哈瓦那发行。
Residents developed community organizations and social clubs, such as the Casino Chung Wah, founded in 1893. This community association continues to assist the Chinese in Cuba today with education and cultural programs. The Chinese-language weekly, Kwong Wah Po also still publishes in Havana.


19世纪初，古巴迎来了第二波华人移民—很多来自加利福利亚。
At the turn of the century, Cuba saw another wave of Chinese migrants – many coming from California.


1959年古巴革命
The 1959 Cuban Revolution


很多古巴华人参加了反殖民反西班牙运动。其中有三位古巴华人将军在这场运动中发挥了重要作用。在哈瓦那有一座纪念碑表彰华人在古巴革命中的功绩。
Many Chinese Cubans participated in the anti-colonial movement against Spain. There were even three Chinese-Cuban Generals who served pivotal roles in the Cuban Revolution. There still stands a monument in Havana dedicated to the Chinese that fought in the revolution.


1950年代，古巴的华人社区开始消逝，随着革命的开始，很多人离开了这个岛国。古巴革命在短时间内增加了中古关系。古巴领导人卡斯特罗曾在台湾当任过联络员，后来由于中华人民共和国建交。但中国关系一度中断，在中越战争时期卡斯特罗为了拉拢苏联的关系一度指责中国，为中古关系摸上了不愉快的一笔。
By the 1950s however, the Chinese community in Cuba was already diminishing, and following the revolution, many also left the island. The Cuban revolution did create an increase in relations with China for a short time. Cuban leader Fidel Castro severed diplomatic ties with Taiwan in 1960, recognizing and establishing formal ties with the People’s Republic of China and Mao Zedong. But the relationship did not last long. Cuba’s friendship with the Soviet Union and Castro’s public criticism of China-Vietnam war became a sticking point for China.


1980年代随着中国的改革开放中古关系开始升温，贸易和外交活动增加了。1990年代中国成为古巴的第二大贸易伙伴。1990年代和2000年代，中国的领导人多次到访古巴，并签署了大量的经贸协议和技术援助协议。中国在联合国安理会上多次反对美国对古巴的制裁提案。
Relations warmed again in the 1980s during China’s economic reforms. Trade and diplomatic tours increased. By the 1990s, China was Cuba’s second largest trade partner. Chinese leaders visited the island several times in the 1990s and 2000s and further increased economic and technological agreements between the two countries. In its prominent role on the United Nations Security Council, China has long opposed U.S. sanctions on Cuba.


今天的古巴华人
The Cuban Chinese Today


今天在古巴的中国人（中国出生来到古巴）仅有四百名。其他的中国人都是早期古巴华人后裔，大多数华裔生活在曾经的中国城附近，他们的子孙很多在中国城的商店和饭店工作。
It’s estimated that Chinese Cubans (those who were born in China) only number about 400 today. Many are elderly residents who live near the run-down Barrio Chino. Some of their children and grandchildren still work in the shops and restaurants near Chinatown.


社区组织目前着力于将哈瓦那中国城打造成旅游景点，来复苏华人经济。
Community groups are currently working to economically revitalize Havana’s Chinatown into a tourist destination.


很多古巴华裔移民到世界各地，在纽约和迈阿密有很多著名的中古饭店。
Many Cuban Chinese also migrated overseas. Well-known Chinese-Cuban restaurants have been established in New York City and Miami