第六课

Lesson Six Text
　　Culture Shock
　　Cause and Symptoms
　　Kalvero Oberg
　　Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people
　　who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.
　　Like most diseases,it has its own symptoms.
　　Culture shock is caused by the anxiety
　　that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.
　　Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways
　　with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life:
　　when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,
　　when and how to give tips, how to go shopping,
　　when to accept and when to refuse invitations,
　　when to take statements seriously and when not.
　　These cues, which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,
　　are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up
　　and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak
　　or the beliefs we accept.
　　All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency
　　on hundreds of these cues often without our conscious awareness.
　　Now when a person enters a strange culture,
　　all or most of these familiar cues are removed.
　　He or she is like a fish out of water.
　　No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,
　　a series of props have been knocked from under you,
　　followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.
　　People react to the frustration in much the same way.
　　First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.
　　"The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad."
　　When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble
　　about the host country and its people,
　　you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
　　Another symptom of culture shock is regression.
　　The home environment suddenly takes on a tremendous importance.
　　To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.
　　All the difficulties and problems are forgotten
　　and only the good things back home are remembered.
　　It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.
　　Some of the symptoms of culture shock are excessive washing of the hands;
　　excessive concern over drinking water,food dishes, and bedding;
　　fear of physical contact with attendants;
　　the absent-minded stare;a feeling of helplessness
　　and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality;
　　fits of anger over minor frustrations;
　　great concern over minor painsand eruptions of the skin;
　　and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.
　　Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.
　　Although not common,there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries.
　　However,those who have seen people go through culture shock
　　and on to a satisfactory adjustment can see steps in the process.
　　Stages of Adjustment Raymond Zeuschner Kalvero Oberg
　　describes four stages that people go through
　　when they experience situations that are very different
　　from those to which they are accustomed.
　　Examples of such situations include moving to a new city,
　　traveling to a new country, and becoming part
　　of a new organization,military unit or corporation.
　　Stage one is a honeymoon phase,
　　during which the new experience isperceived  to be interesting,
　　picturesque,entertaining,and charming.
　　You may notice several superficial differences such as music,food,and clothing,
　　and the fresh appeal of the new experience
　　keeps you feeling interested and positive.
　　If you are a real tourist,
　　you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off
　　but go on to the next new location or experience.
　　There are people who frequently change jobs
　　majors,romantic partners,travel plans,clothing styles,foods,diets,or ears
　　so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock.
　　It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.
　　When you stay in a new environment for a while,
　　you move to stage two —the crisis stage
　　— in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in.
　　In a relationship, you notice annoying habits in a new country,
　　 you find barriers to-establishing connections
　　or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases.
　　Suddenly,your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike.
　　The difficulties and unpleasantness of reality replace the charming
　　replace the charming and picturesque "honeymoon."
　　However,if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically
　　you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.
　　In recovery, you learn the systems,procedures language,
　　or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment
　　so that you can cope with it
　　on the basis of some mastery,competence,and comfort.
　　After about two weeks in London,
　　I began to feel familiar with traveling by "tube,"
　　shopping nearly every day for groceries,
　　paying in the correct currency,buying a newspaper,
　　and using some phrases that are unique to English people.
　　I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language
　　and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad,cultural aspects.
　　In a country that was very different from my own,
　　it would probably have taken me longer to move into the recovery phase.
　　Finally, the fourth,or adjustment, phase occurs
　　when you feel that you function well
　　and almost automatically in the new culture.
　　You no longer need to make mental conversions of the country's money;
　　you know where services are located and how to use them;
　　you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life,
　　and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them.
　　A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible,
　　and you may regain some of the initial positive regard
　　you had in the honeymoon stage
　　If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city
　　to a small town,or,the other way round
　　you may become so well adapted to the new environment
　　that when you return to your original home,
　　you will again experience culture shock.
　　For some people,it may take several days to readjust,
　　depending on the length of time they were away.
　　Usually, however,since you are in your home culture,
　　your shock wears off faster
　　than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.