高考|近三年英语高考阅读 长难句段理解与解题指导（一）

阅读理解(一)

【学习目标】

1. 掌握阅读理解的细节理解题解题技巧；

2. 掌握阅读理解的推理判断题解题技巧。

【预习与思考】

阅读理解的细节理解题和推理判断题：

1. 细节理解题的常见设问方式有哪些？一般如何解题？

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2. 试图归纳推理判断题的命题方式。一般如何解题？

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课堂摘录

【技能指导】

A. 细节理解题

1. 直接信息题。

①(2019•全国卷Ⅰ•A 片段)

Jobs for Youth

If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this

program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.

Who is eligible: Youth 15－18 years old in select communities(社区)．

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to

start and run their own summer businesses.

Who is eligible: Students aged 15－29, returning to school in the fall.

21. What is special about Summer Company?

A. It requires no training before employment.

B. It provides awards for running new businesses.

C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.

D. It offers more summer job opportunities.

②(2018•江苏高考阅读 D 节选)The report into youngsters aged from8to 12was carried out by Children‟s

Commissioner(专员) Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional

risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they

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faced online.

65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?

A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.

B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.

C. They were required to give quick responses.

D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.

课堂摘录

③(2019•全国卷Ⅱ•C 片段)“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said,

looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers

sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to

keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted

some time to myself,” she said.

29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?

A. To meet with her coworkers.

B. To catch up with her work.

C. To have some time on her own.

D. To collect data for her report.

④(2018•全国卷Ⅰ•C 片段)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these

languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken

by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200

languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua

New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6，000,

which means that half the world‟s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A. About 6,800.

B. About 3,400.

C. About 2,400.

D. About 1,200.

课堂摘录

2. 间接信息题。

（1）看是否是“同义替换”

(2018•江苏高考阅读 C 节选)The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won‟t happen without

fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors,

developers, and established large farmers makes owning one‟s own land unattainable for many new farmers.

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From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.

63. What is the difficulty for those new farmers?

A. To gain more financial aid.

B. To hire good farm managers.

C. To have farms of their own.

D. To win old farmers‟ support.

（2）看是否是“信息归纳”

(2017•江苏高考阅读 D 节选)Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some

poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan

saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve

as floating libraries, schools, and health clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating

facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity (连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is

also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish

ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

66. What is special with regard to Rezwan‟s project?

A. The project receives government support.

B. Different organizations work with each other.

C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.

课堂摘录

（3）给干扰选项定性

设误方式：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半

正确选项：原文原词、同义替换、信息归纳、正话反说

a. (2017•江苏高考阅读 B 节选)This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a

biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens

were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched,

the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers — a sound that served as their regular “feed me!” call.

To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed

fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites

in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and

number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking

them by similarity.

It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more

frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies‟ begging calls. In addition, the

team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom‟s

voice were rewarded with the most food.

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59. What are Kleindorfer‟s findings based on?

A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.___________

B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. ___________

C. The data collected from Queensland‟s locals. ___________

D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. ___________

b. (2018•江苏高考阅读 A 节选)

The Cloisters Museum and Gardens

The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art

and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages.The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture,

colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.

Hours: Open 7 days a week.

March－October 10：00－17：15

November－February 10：00－16：45

Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1.

57. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________.

A. it opens all the year round ___________

B. its collections date from the Middle Ages___________

C. it has a modern European-style garden ___________

D. it sells excellent European glass collections___________

课堂摘录

c. (2018•江苏高考阅读 B 节选)Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they

couldn‟t tell how much they‟d had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were

none-the-wiser — they didn‟t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.

Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-

food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to

stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特)．When classical, rather than pop, music was

playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who

got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.

59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?

A. Playing classical music.

___________

B. Introducing lemon scent. ___________

C. Making the light brighter.

___________

D. Using plates of larger size.___________

d. (2017•江苏高考阅读 C 节选)[3]But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant,

all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the

data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned

into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies‟

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control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “God‟s eye view” of activities in their own

markets and beyond.

62. What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?

A. Data giants‟ technology is very expensive.

B. Google‟s idea is popular among data firms.

C. Data can strengthen giants‟ controlling position.

D. Data can be turned into new services or products.

课堂摘录

B. 推理判断题（细节、观点、态度、写作意图）

a. (2019•全国卷Ⅰ•B 片段)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he

asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer

broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He

wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.

26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley‟s project is to ________.

A. help students see their own strengths

B. assess students‟ public speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs

D. inspire students‟ love for politics

b. (2018•浙江卷 6 月•A)In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in

Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe

in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early

stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names

of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly,

immoral or just plain bad.

In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher,

famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and

whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens‟

greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about

as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.

How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers

game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the

Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It‟s

partly true that Dickens‟ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It‟s partly that his writings

rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it‟s also that he rewrote the culture of literature

and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made

Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible—and

important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.

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23. What is the author‟s purpose in writing the text?

A. To remember a great writer.

B. To introduce an English novel.

C. To encourage studies on culture.

D. To promote values of the Victorian age.

c. (2018•北京卷•D 片段)

Preparing Cities for Robot Cars

The possibility of self­driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist‟s dream, years away from

materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor

Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars...

Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles

doesn‟t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming

technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed

to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.

50. What is the author‟s attitude to the future of self－driving cars?

A. Doubtful.

B. Positive.

C. Disapproving.

D. Sympathetic.

d. (2019•全国卷Ⅰ•C 片段)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is

growing for biometric(生物测量 ) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private

e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low­cost device(装置) that gets

around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with

which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of

security by analyzing things like the force of a user‟s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns

are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people‟s identities, and by extension, whether

they should be given access to the computer it‟s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the

password right.

31. Where is this text most likely from?

A. A diary.

B. A guidebook.

C. A novel.

D. A magazine.

课堂摘录