2004 翻译_历年考研英语真题MP3 带英文字幕在线听_语言-喜马拉雅FM

2004
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.
(1)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,
which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
Two anthropologist-linguists,
Franz Boas and Edward Sapir,were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.
(2)We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,
as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
Other linguists in the earlier part of this century,
however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful.
(3)The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia
that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
Native American languages are indeed different,
so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf,
continued the study of American Indian languages.
(4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,
Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,
the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.
(5)Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,
in its strongest form,
states that language imprisons the mind,
and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,
but this term is somewhat inappropriate.
Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,
Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

几百年来，哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣。（41）希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程有某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。

直到最近，语言学家才开始研究与自己母语不同的语言。两位人类学语言学家，佛瑞兹•博厄斯和爱德华•萨皮尔是两位先驱，他们在20世纪前半叶描述了南美洲和北美洲很多土著语言。（42）我们得感谢他们，因为在此之后，随着说这些语言的人消亡或者被同化而失去母语，这些语言中有一些就此消失了。然而，他们同时代那些对“异国”语言的奇怪数据无甚兴趣的语言学家，却并不总是心怀感激。（43）新近被描绘的语言与过去已经得到充分研究的欧洲及东南亚语言之间的区别如此显著，以至于一些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔捏造数据。印第安语言的确非常不同，以至于二战期间，美国军队发送秘密情报的时候，使用纳瓦霍语作为密码。

萨皮尔的学生本杰明•李•沃尔夫继续研究美洲印第安语言。（44）沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，结果他得出这样的观点：语言的结构决定一个社会习惯思维的结构。他推理说，在一个特定的语言中，形成某些概念相对比较容易，但形成另一些概念就不同了，说这种语言的人沿着一个轨迹思维，而不是另外一个轨迹。（45）沃尔夫逐渐相信某种语言决定论，该理论最极端的形式声称，语言限制思想，并且，语言的语法结构可对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这种观点被称为萨皮尔—沃尔夫假说，但是这个说法并不恰当。尽管萨皮尔和沃尔夫都强调语言的多样性，但是萨皮尔从来没有公开支持语言决定论这种概念。

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