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前情回顾 

In the last two lectures, we've learned that we can get easy access to history thanks to the sagas, legends and the stone tools used by our ancestors. Among all these, stones obviously overshadow other means for its durability.

所以你看，世界是留给活得久的人的。那今天的拓展环节我们就聊聊石头与英文的那些事儿以及人和石头的那些事儿。

石头与英文 

1. Rolling stone: 滚石

Rolling stone gathers no moss, but it gains a certain polish.

滚石不生苔，然亦可获琢磨之功

Keep to one job; a rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔，转业不聚财

2. Cornerstone 基础；柱石

Eg. Good diet serves as the cornerstone of optimum nutrition.

3. Touchstone 试金石

Eg. Students’ performance in the exam is regarded as the touchstone of their teachers’ performance in eyes of some parents.

4. Blocking stone 绊脚石

Eg. The key to success is to turn blocking stone into stepping-stone.

5. Stepping stone垫脚石；跳板；进身之阶

Eg. Come on! It is just another stepping stone to bigger and better things. 

6. 铁石心肠：I have a heart of stone/steel.

7. 海枯石烂：the seas run dry and the rocks crumble

8. 坚如磐石：as firm/solid as a rock

石头与我们 

除了作为工具之外，它还变成原始人的画布，承载了人类历史上最早的艺术形态，绘画就是在各种石壁上开始的。洞穴壁画cave painting.今天给大家介绍最有名的两处洞穴壁画遗迹。They are truly the cultural heritage we should strive to preserve.

1. 阿尔塔米拉洞穴壁画（西班牙考古者）

洞顶和壁面上画满了各种动物。The roof and the wall surface are occupied by a variety of images of wild animals. The most eye-catching one is that on the roof.

其中最重要的是画在洞顶上的，长达15米的群兽图，共有20多头，动物的身长从一米到两米以上。所画的动物，无论是受伤的还是奔跑的，姿态都十分真实生动。All these painted animals are lifelike.

更厉害的是，原始画家还善于利用洞壁的凹凸不平创造出富有立体感的形象。What truly surpasses our expectation is that the ancient painters skillfully creates the stereoscopic impression by making good use of the uneven walls.

西方人称它为"史前的西斯廷教堂"。西斯廷教堂以米开朗基罗的巨幅天顶画名闻遐迩 the most beautiful ceiling in the world，它是西方人心目中的艺术圣殿。

2. 法国拉斯科洞窟壁画（1940发现，距今15000年）

被誉为"史前的卢佛宫" be honored as PrehistoricLouvre

它由一条长长的、宽狭不等的通道组成，里面装饰着大约1500个岩刻和600个绘画，有红、黄、棕和黑等多种颜色，其中以外形不规则的圆厅--野牛大厅--最为壮观。厅顶画有65头大型动物形象（马匹、红鹿、5米多长的巨大野牛等）及一些意义不明的圆点和几何图形。

那它的风格跟阿尔塔米拉洞穴壁画有什么区别呢？

拉斯科洞窟崖壁画给人的印象是线条粗犷、气势磅礴、动态强烈，与西班牙阿尔塔米拉洞穴则以静态为特点。Grand and Dynamic & Tranquil and delicate

Question:人们早期画动物为什么呢？是热爱小动物？

For artistic beauty? For interest? For entertainment? For history?

No.画个圈圈诅咒你！

Ancient people survived by hunting. So the fierce and wild animals are their rivals. At that time, no advanced weapons have made their advent. Therefore, people were relatively vulnerable when confronted with the gigantic animals. 
所以这是一种生存小迷信啦。Superstition 

Ok.说到这里，关于石头的小知乎小猫就讲完啦。Hope you like it. See you.