赏罚Rewards and Punishments

赏罚

Rewards and Punishments



奖赏和惩罚。“赏罚”是规范人的言行的重要手段。古人认为，天对于人、为政者对于百姓，都可以施加“赏罚”。“赏罚”的实施基于人们趋利避害的意愿。奖赏带来好处，惩罚带来伤害。因此人们通常都会追求奖赏而避免惩罚。如果按照明确而固定的标准施加奖赏或惩罚，言行符合标准则赏，违背标准则罚，那么人们就会依循其标准而行事，从而实现对人的言行的规范。如果没有明确而固定的标准，滥用赏罚，则会造成人的言行以及秩序的混乱。

Rewards and punishments are important means of regulating people's behavior. In ancient times, it was believed that both heaven and terrestrial rulers could implement rewards and punishments. The implementation of rewards and punishments is based on people's desire to seek benefits and avoid harm. Rewards bring benefits, while punishments bring harm. Therefore, people usually seek rewards and avoid punishments. If rewards and punishments are applied according to clear and fixed standards, with rewards given for conforming behavior and punishments given for non-conforming behavior, people will follow these standards and regulate their behavior accordingly. However, if there are no clear and fixed standards or if rewards and punishments are misused, disorder may arise in people's behavior and social order.

引例 Citations：

◎先王之令有之曰：天道赏善而罚淫，故凡我造国，无从非彝，无即慆淫，各守尔典，以承天休。（《国语·周语中》）

前代君王的政令中有教命说：天道奖赏良善而惩罚过失，因此凡是我们创立国家，不依从非法的原则，不接近怠慢放纵的行径，各自遵守自己的法则，以接受天赐的福祉。

The commandments of the former kings state that heaven rewards the virtuous and punishes wrongdoings. Therefore, when we establish a nation, we should not deviate from the standards, nor should we indulge in laziness and debauchery. Each person should abide by the laws in order to receive the blessings of heaven. (Discourses on Governance of the States)

◎二柄者，刑、德也。何谓刑、德？曰：杀戮之谓刑，庆赏之谓德。为人臣者畏诛罚而利庆赏，故人主自用其刑德，则群臣畏其威而归其利矣。（《韩非子·二柄》）

两种权柄，就是指刑和德。什么是刑、德？答：杀戮称为刑，奖赏称为德。官吏畏惧刑罚而谋求奖赏，因此君主亲自施用赏罚，官吏就会畏惧刑罚的威势而去谋求奖赏之利了。

The term "two kinds of power" refers to punishments and honors. What is meant by punishments and honors? The answer is: the death penalty is a form of punishment and reward is a form of honor. Officials fear punishments and seek honors. When a sovereign ruler exercises these two powers, his officials will undoubtedly fear punishments and seek honors. (Hanfeizi)