001 帮你省钱的三个心理技能（英中字幕）

我们都想存更多的钱，但总的来说，人们很少再这么做了。行为科学家 Wendy De La Rosa（温迪·德拉罗萨）研究了人们如何通过日常决策来改善自己的财务状况。她的发现可以帮助你更容易做出多存钱少花钱的承诺。

We all know that saving is important
and is something that we should be doing.
And yet, overall, we're doing
less and less of it.
[The Way We Work]
We know what we need to do.
The question is: How do we do it?
And that's what I'm here to teach you.
Your savings behavior
isn't a question of how smart you are
or how much willpower you have.
The amount we save depends
on the environmental cues around us.
Let me give you an example.
We ran a study in which, in one group,
we showed people
their income on a monthly basis.
In another group, we showed people
their income on a weekly basis.
And what we found was that people
who saw their income on a weekly basis
were able to budget better
throughout the month.
Now, it's important to know
that we didn't change
how much money people were receiving,
we just changed the environment
in which they understood their income.
And environmental cues
like this have an impact.
So I'm not going to share tricks with you
that you already know.
I'm not going to tell you
how to open up a savings account
or how to start saving
for your retirement.
What I am going to share with you
is how to bridge this gap
from your intentions to save
and your actions.
Are you ready?
Here's number one:
harness the power of pre-commitment.
Fundamentally, we think about ourselves
in two different ways:
our present self and our future self.
In the future, we're perfect.
In the future, we're going to
save for retirement,
we're going to lose weight,
we're going to call our parents more.
But we oftentimes forget
that our future self
is exactly the same person
as our present self.
We know that one of the best times to save
is when you get your tax return.
So we tried an A/B test.
In the first group, we texted people
in early February,
hopefully before
they even filed for their taxes.
And we asked them,
"If you get a tax refund,
what percentage would you like to save?"
Now this is a really hard question.
They didn't know if they would
receive a tax refund or how much.
But we asked the question anyway.
In the second group, we asked people
right after they received their refund,
"What percentage would you like to save?"
Now, here's what happened.
In that second condition, when people
just received their tax refund,
they wanted to save about 17 percent
of their tax refund.
But in the condition when we asked people
before they even filed their taxes,
savings rates increased
from 17 percent to 27 percent
when we asked in February.
Why?
Because you're committing
for your future self,
and of course your future self
can save 27 percent.
These large changes in savings behavior
came from the fact that we changed
the decision-making environment.
We want you to be able
to harness that same power.
So take a moment
and think about the ways in which
you can sign up your future self
for something that you know today
will be a little bit hard.
Sign up for an app that lets you
make savings decisions in advance.
The trick is, you have to have
that binding contract.
Number two: use transition moments
to your advantage.
We did an experiment with a website
that helps older adults
share their housing.
We ran two ads on social media,
targeted to the same
population of 64-year-olds.
In one group, we said,
"Hey, you're getting older.
Are you ready for retirement?
House sharing can help."
In the second group,
we got a little bit more specific
and said, "You're 64 turning 65.
Are you ready for retirement?
House sharing can help."
What we're doing in that second group
is highlighting that
a transition is happening.
All of a sudden,
we saw click-through rates,
and ultimately sign-up rates, increase
when we highlight that.
In psychology, we call this
the "fresh start effect."
Whether it's the start of a new year
or even a new season,
your motivation to act increases.
So right now, put a meeting
request on your calendar
for the day before your next birthday.
Identify the one financial thing
you most want to do.
And commit yourself to it.
The third and final trick:
get a handle on small, frequent purchases.
We've run a few different studies
and found that the number one purchase
people say they regret, after bank fees,
is eating out.
It's a frequent purchase
we make almost every day,
and it's death by a thousand cuts.
A coffee here, a burrito there ...
It adds up and decreases
our ability to save.
Back when I lived in New York City,
I looked at my expenses
and saw that I spent over 2,000 dollars
on ride-sharing apps.
It was more than my New York City rent.
I vowed to make a change.
And the next month,
I spent 2,000 dollars again --
no change, because the information
alone didn't change my behavior.
I didn't change my environment.
So now that I was 4,000 dollars
in the hole, I did two things.
The first is that I unlinked
my credit card
from my car-sharing apps.
Instead, I linked a debit card
that only had 300 dollars a month.
If I needed more,
I had to go through the whole process
of adding a new card,
and we know that every click,
every barrier, changes our behavior.
We aren't machines.
We don't carry around an abacus every day,
adding up what we're spending,
in comparison to what we wanted.
But what our brains are very good at
is counting up the number of times
we've done something.
So I gave myself a limit.
I can only use ride-sharing apps
three times a week.
It forced me to ration my travels.
I got a handle on my car-sharing expenses
to the benefit of my husband,
because of the environmental
changes that I did.
So get a handle on whatever
that purchase is for you,
and change your environment
to make it harder to do so.
Those are my tips for you.
But I want you to remember one thing.
As human beings, we can be irrational
when it comes to saving
and spending and budgeting.
But luckily, we know this about ourselves,
and we can predict how we'll act
under certain environments.
Let's do that with saving.
Let's change our environment
to help our future selves.