着重从历代注解中理解论语的内涵
并透过英国汉学家李雅各的翻译学习英文
主讲人: 燃灯书院朱老师
尧曰:“咨!尔舜!天之历数在尔躬,允执其中。四海困穷,天禄永终。”
注解:
1、 尧曰—朱熹论语集注:「此尧命舜,而禅以帝位之辞。」邢昺疏:「《谥法》云:「翼善(辅助善行)传圣曰尧。仁义盛明曰舜。」尧子丹朱不肖(无才能),不堪嗣位。虞舜侧微(卑微),尧闻之聪明,将使嗣位,故先咨嗟叹而命之,欲使重其事。」
2、咨尔舜—论语集注:「咨,嗟叹声。」
3、天之历数在尔躬—论语集注:「历数,帝王相继之次第,犹岁时气节之先后也。」论语新解:「历数在尔躬,犹云天命在尔身。」
4、允执其中,四海困穷天禄永终—论语集注:「允,信也。中者,无过不及之名。四海之人困穷,则君禄亦永绝矣,戒之也。」皇侃疏:「允,信也。执,持也。中,谓中正之道也。言天信运次既在汝身,则汝宜信执持中正之道也。」(清)黄式三论语后案:「数之在躬,德足以顺天也。禄之永终,不德之逆天也。」
(尧曰:“咨!尔舜!天之历数在尔躬,允执其中。四海困穷,天禄永终。”)
Yâo 尧 said, "Oh! you, Shun 舜, the Heaven-determined 天命的 order 顺序;次第 of succession 继任,继承 now rests in 在于 your person. Sincerely 真诚地 hold fast 坚守 the due Mean 中庸. If there shall be distress 贫困,穷苦 and want 匮乏,贫困 within the four seas, the Heavenly revenue 收入,禄位 will come to a perpetual 永久的 end 终止."
舜亦以命禹。
曰:“予小子履,敢用玄牡,敢昭告于皇皇后帝:有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽,简在帝心。朕躬有罪,无以万方。万方有罪,罪在朕躬。”
5、曰—论语集注:「此引商书汤诰之辞。盖汤既放桀而告诸侯也。与书文大同小异。曰上当有汤字。」邢昺疏:「此下汤伐桀告天辞也。禹受舜禅,传位子孙,至桀无道。汤有圣德,应天顺人,举干戈而伐之,遂放桀于南巢,自立为天子,而以此辞告天也。」
6、 予小子履,敢用玄牡—论语集注:「履,盖汤名。用玄牡,夏尚黑,未变其礼也。」皇侃疏:「予,我也。小子,汤自称,谦也。履,汤名也。将告天,故自称我小子,而又称名也。敢,果也。玄,黑也。牡,雄也。夏尚黑,尔时汤犹未改夏色,故犹用黑牡以告天,故云果敢用于玄牡也。」
7、昭告于皇皇后帝—论语注疏孔曰:「皇,大。后,君也。大,大君。帝,谓天帝也。」
8、 有罪不敢赦—论语注疏包(咸)曰:「顺天奉法,有罪者不敢擅赦。」
9、帝臣不蔽简在帝心—论语新解:「凡天下贤者,皆上帝之臣,汤自言不敢蔽。简,选择义。简在帝心,惟帝所命也。」
10、朕躬有罪无以万方—论语集注:「又言君有罪非民所致,民有罪实君所为,见其厚于责己薄于责人之意。此其告诸侯之辞也。」皇侃疏:「朕,我也。万方,犹天下也。汤言我身若自有罪,则我自当之,不敢关预于天下万方也。若万方百姓有罪,则由我身也。」
(舜亦以命禹。)
Shun 舜 also used the same language in giving charge 使承担责任,委以责任 to Yû 禹.
(曰:“予小子履,敢用玄牡,敢昭告于皇皇后帝:有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽,简在帝心。)
T'ang 汤 said, "I, the child Lî 履, presume 敢于 to use a dark-colored victim 牺牲,祭品, and presume to announce 昭告 to Thee, O most great and sovereign 至尊的;至高无上的 God 天帝, that the sinner 罪人 I dare not pardon 赦免, and thy ministers 贤臣, O God, I do not keep in obscurity 隐匿;隐蔽. The examination 考察;审查 of them is by thy mind, O God.
(朕躬有罪,无以万方。万方有罪,罪在朕躬。”)
If, in my person, I commit 犯 offenses 罪过;过错, they are not to be attributed to 归咎于 you, the people of the myriad 无数的 regions 地区. If you in the myriad regions commit 犯 offenses 罪过;过错, these offenses must rest on 在于 my person."
周有大赉,善人是富。“虽有周亲,不如仁人。百姓有过,在予一人。”
谨权量,审法度,修废官,四方之政行焉。兴灭国,继绝世,举逸民,天下之民归心焉。
11、周有大赉善人是富—论语注疏何晏曰:「周,周家。赉(音赖),赐也。言周家受天大赐,富于善人,有乱臣十人是也。」论语集注:「赉,予也。武王克商,大赉于四海。见周书武成篇。此言其所富者,皆善人也。」
12、虽有周亲不如仁人—论语集注孔氏(文仲)曰:「周,至也。言纣至亲虽多,不如周家之多仁人。」论语新解:「周,至义。亲,近义。周亲不如仁人,文武用心如此,故能特富于善人。」
13、谨权量—论语集注:「权,称锤也。量,斗斛也。」
14、审法度—审,细察。论语集注:「法度,礼乐制度皆是也。」
13(B)、 修废官—皇侃疏:「若旧官有废者,则更修立之也。」
14(B)、兴灭国,继绝世,举逸民—邢昺疏:「诸侯之国,为人非理灭之者,复兴立之;贤者当世祀,为人非理绝之者,则求其子孙,使复继之。节行超逸之民,隐居未仕者,则举用之。」论语新解:「此亦孔子陈帝王之法语。兴灭国,如周初封建,立黄帝、尧、舜、夏、商之后是也。继绝世,谓贤人世绝不祀,为之立后,使仍得享祀也。举逸民,谓才行超特不仕者,举而授之官爵也。」
所重:民、食、丧、祭。
宽则得众,信则民任焉,敏则有功,公则说。
15、所重民食丧祭—邢昺疏:「言帝王所重有此四事:重民,国之本也。重食,民之命也。重丧,所以尽哀。重祭,所以致敬。」
(周有大赉,善人是富。)
Châu 周 conferred 给予 great gifts, and the good 善人 were enriched 富裕.
(“虽有周亲,不如仁人。百姓有过,在予一人。”)
"Although he has his near relatives 近亲, they are not equal 比得上 to my virtuous men 仁人. The people are throwing blame 责备,指责;责任 upon me, the One man."
(谨权量,审法度,修废官,四方之政行焉。)
He carefully attended to 注意;致力于 the weights 重量 and measures 计量;度量, examined 审查;细查 the body 主要部分 of the laws 法度(礼乐制度), restored 恢复 the discarded 废弃的 officers 官员(职), and the good government 治理 of the kingdom took its course 上轨道.
(兴灭国,继绝世,举逸民,天下之民归心焉。)
He revived 复兴;恢复 states 诸侯国 that had been extinguished 灭亡的, restored 恢复 families whose line of succession 世系 had been broken 断绝的, and called 召唤;召集 to office 官职 those who had retired 退隐 into obscurity 没没无闻, so that throughout the kingdom the hearts of the people turned towards him.
(所重:民、食、丧、祭。)
What he attached chief importance to 重视 were the food of the people, the duties义务;本分 of mourning 服丧, and sacrifices 祭祀.
(宽则得众,信则民任焉,敏则有功,公则说。)
By his generosity 宽大的行为, he won 赢得 all. By his sincerity 诚信, he made the people repose trust in 寄托信任于某人 him. By his earnest 认真的 activity 敏捷, his achievements 成就 were great. By his justice 公正无私, all were delighted 心悦诚服.
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