美国经济下

Americans saw that they could make money by lending it to those who wanted to start or to expand a business. That led to the creation of the selling of stock or shares in a business.
美国人发现把钱借给他人创办企业或者拓展业务可以盈利，这导致了股票的买卖。
When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy.
在创办企业或拓展业务时，股份公司需集资，他们可以发行并出售股票。
When people buy stock they become part owner of the company.
买股票的人成为公司的部分所有人。
Buying stock is a risk. If the company makes a profit, the stockholders receive a share of it.
买股票需承担风险，如果公司盈利，股东可以分红。
If the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop, they lose money.
如果公司亏损，股东将无法盈利，随着股价下跌，股东将承受损失。
The best-known stock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange, located in Wall Street area of New York City.
最著名的股票交易所是纽约证券交易所，位于纽约华尔街。
Many problems accompanied the development of modern American industrial capitalism during the 19th century, like child labor, discrimination in hiring, monopolies.
19世纪美国工业资本主义发展过程伴随许多问题，如童工、歧视、垄断。
The United States is rated fourth in the world in terms of land area and the size of population.
美国国土面积和人口总量居世界第四。
Such factors as bountiful resources, the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand, religious, social and political traditions, the courage, hard work and determination of countless entrepreneurs and workers are responsible for the successes of American business and industry.
丰富的资源、辽阔的领土、人口数量的变化、强大的内需、宗教、社会及政治传统，无数企业家与工人的勇气、辛勤及决心都有利于美国工商业的繁荣发展。
The institutional structures of government and business has also played a part. Laissez-faire is an important institutional factor.
政府与商业的体制结构也起到重要作用，自由放任是重要的体制因素。
The Constitution of the United States bars all kinds of internal tariffs, so manufacturers do not have to worry about tariff barriers when shipping goods from one part of the country to another.
由于美国宪法禁止设立任何国内关税，制造商们把货物从一个地区运到另一个地区无须担心关税壁垒。
Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States' Gross National Product(GNP).
农业及其相关产业作为美国经济基础，在美国国民生产总值中占很大比例。
Many American leaders have extolled the virtues of farmers. As Thomas Jefferson said that Peasants are the most valuable citizens.
许多美国领导人颂扬农民的美德，如托马斯·杰斐逊说农民是最有价值的国民。
People coined the term agribusiness to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy.
The term covers the entire complex of farm-related businesses, from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals.
现代美国经济中农业规模很大，有人创造农产业一词，农产业覆盖所有与农业相关的产业，从个体农户到跨国农药制造商。
It also includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment, food-processing industries, grocery chains and many other businesses.
还包括农民合作社、农业银行、农产品承运商、商品交易商、农机具制造商、农产品加工商、销售商及许多其他产业。
Migrant workers are temporary workers hired by many big farms only for a specific chore such as picking crops.
许多大型农场仅为某项具体工作雇佣流动工人，如收割作物。
Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.
许多季节性工人在各个农场流动，作物一收获就离开。
American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity.
America produces as much as half of the world's soybeans and corn for grain, and from 10% to 25% of its cotton, wheat, tobacco and vegetable oils.
美国农民在农作物低价与产量方面几乎无可匹敌，美国生产世界上一半以上的大豆与玉米谷物，棉花、小麦、烟草及植物油占世界产量10%-25%。
One third of the cropland in America is planted in crops destined for exports. Agricultural exports surpass imports a lot, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.
美国三分之一耕地种植出口作物，农业出口远高于进口，致使农业贸易出现顺差。
The standard of living of American farmers is generally high. Farmers have been traditionalists as well as innovators.
美国农民的生活水平普遍很高，他们既是传统主义者，也是革新者。
They preserve a deep conservatism and respect for tradition that has helped to lend stability to rural communities in times of rapid change.
他们保有根深蒂固的保守主义，尊重传统，这使他们在快速发展时期仍能保持稳定。
Many farmers tend to adopt new technology has been one of the strengths of American agriculture.
许多农民乐意尝试新技术，已成为美国农业一大优势。
Computers are the latest innovation that has helped American farmers to cut costs and improve productivity.
计算机最新技术有助于美国农民降低成本，提高生产力。
It is hard for farmers to make a profit for crop surpluses and low food prices caused by high productivity, the rise of the cost of the products and high interest rates.
高生产率导致作物过剩和低粮价，产品成本上升及高利率使得农民难以盈利。
Most Americans believe the economic freedom of capitalism, also called free enterprise, is crucial to America's economic success.
多数美国人认为，资本主义的经济自由，也称为自由经济，对美国经济的巨大成就至关重要。
A period of American economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports declined, the high value of the US dollar raised the cost of American products to foreign buyers.
20世纪80年代初是美国经济困难时期，农业出口下滑，美元升值使得国外买主成本增加。
Critics accuse both corporate and family farmers of damaging the environment.
批评者指责公司和家庭农场破坏环境。
Since 1940s, American farmers have multiplied their use of artificial fertilizers and chemicals designed to kill weeds and insect pests and to protect against crop diseases.
20世纪40年代以来，为除草除虫害、预防农作物病害，美国农民成倍使用人造肥料与化学品。
The financial crisis in late 2007, which began in America by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system but soon turned global.
2007年末美国银行系统资产折现力不足诱发经融危机并迅速波及全球。
Many economists believe that the problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.
许多经济学家认为，经济衰退问题根深蒂固，暴露出自由市场与美国政府金融政策的缺陷。