2019 Text 4（英语二）一次性塑料制品的治理

Text 4

文章 4

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic.

阿诺·施瓦辛格有话给你说：对抗塑料污染很容易。

They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day - encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.

这是一大群明星在为世界环境日录制的新视频的一段，鼓励你——消费者来替换一次性塑料用品来应对塑料危机，比如塑料吸管或刀具。

The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.

为世界环保日录制视频所传达的主要信息的确包括呼吁各国政府来通过法律来限制一次性塑料。

But the overarching message is directed at individuals.

但是最重要的信息是传递给个人的。

My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved.

然而，我对于把这个事情交个个人的疑虑是，个人对需要实现的目标认识程度有限。

On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.

单独的，比如拿着自己的购物袋去便利店购物或者不再使用吸管，效果甚微，对我们而言也非难事。

They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing into bigger, bolder, more effective actions - a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

甚至还会产生负面作用，满足我们 “做好自己分内事” 的需求，从而导致不再采取更大更勇敢更有效的行动 —— 一种缓解我们担忧的“道德授权”，从而阻止我们做的更多或向相关负责人施加更大的压力。

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

当有关环保和责任的谈话仍然集中在塑料购物袋和吸管，我们忽略了权利的均衡。这意味着作为消费者，我们必须可持续的购物，而作为 “市民”，我们并没有让政府和企业担负起责任，从而推动系统的变革。

It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority - or even most people's.

承认并不是每个人把环境问题放在首位 ——或者对于大多数人而言，这很重要。

We shouldn't expect it to be.

我们也不应该有这样的期待。

In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.

威尔斯利学院教授伊丽莎白·R·德松布尔在她的新著《为什么好心人做对环境不利的事》中指出共同的改变很多人行为的最佳方案是来自系统变革。

This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action or banning single-use plastics altogether.

这可能意味着实施诸如塑料税这样的政策，从而让造成环境问题的行为增加成本，或者完全禁止一次性塑料的使用。

India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022."

印度已经宣布到 2022 年要完全根除一次性塑料的使用。

There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.

也存在基于激励的让做出对环境有利的选择更有容易的方式，比如确保可循环至少与垃圾处理一样简单。

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.

德松布尔并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。

It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

她表示：让个人行动成为唯一的甚至是首要的大幅改变人类行为的方法，未免太缓慢了。

None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective.

所有的这些并不是认为个人的行动并不重要，而是关乎以何种角度来看待这个问题。

We don't have time to wait.

我们没有时间来无动于衷。

We need progressive policies that shape collective action, (and rein in polluting businesses) alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

我们需要有行动力的政策来塑造集体行动（并且管控污染企业），与此同时让参与的公民来推动变革。

36. Some celebrities star in a new video to () .

36：一些名人在（）的新视频中亮相。

[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics

要求针对塑料的使用出台新法律

[B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics

敦促消费者减少使用塑料

[C] invite public opinion on the plastics crisis

邀请公众对塑料危机发表意见

[D] disclose the causes of the plastics crisis

揭示塑料危机的原因

37. The author is concerned that "moral licensing" may () .

37：作者担心 “道德授权” 可能会（）。

[A] mislead us into doing worthless things

误导我们去做毫无价值的事情

[B] prevent us from making further efforts

阻止我们进一步努力

[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment

削弱我们的成就感

[D] suppress our desire for success

压制我们对成功的渴望

38. By pointing out our identity as "citizens", the author indicates that () .

38：通过指出我们作为 “公民” 的身份，作者想表达（）。

[A] our focus should be shifted to community welfare

我们应将重点转移到社区福利上

[B] our relationship with local industries is improving

我们与本地行业的关系正在改善

[C] we have been actively exercising our civil rights

我们一直在积极行使我们的公民权利

[D] we should press our governments to lead the combat

我们应敦促我们的政府领导战斗

39. Desombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be () .

39：Desombre 认为，集体变革的最好方法应该是（）。

[A] a win-win arrangement

双赢的布局

[B] a self-driven mechanism

一种自我驱动的机制

[C] a cost-effective approach

一种经济有效的方法

[D] a top-down process

自上而下的过程

40. The author concludes that individual efforts () .

40：作者在文中得出结论，指出个人的努力（）。

[A] can be too aggressive

可能过于激进

[B] can be too inconsistent

可能会不一致

[C] are far from sufficient

远远不够

[D] are far from rational