E160 白羊座为何是星座老大？始作俑者竟是罗马人

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In the early Roman calendar—which was closely tied to the harvest—the winter months went unnamed until the 7th century B.C. It would take several more centuries to establish January 1 as the start of the new year. Early depictions of the month typically featured feasts such as this 13th-century stained glass window at the Cathedral of St. Etienne in Bourges, France.早期的罗马日历与收获季息息相关，直至公元前7世纪，冬季的月份才得以命名。几世纪后，1月1日才被确立为新年伊始。早期描述中，一月人们通常摆酒设宴，13世纪法国布尔日市（Bourges）圣艾蒂安大教堂（Cathedral of St. Etienne）的彩色玻璃窗就体现了这一点。

课程撰稿人

李梦娟

课程撰稿人

李梦娟

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The new year once started in March—here's why

新年曾经是从三月开始的，这篇文章告诉你为什么

01:05①The modern calendar used in most of the world evolved during the Roman Republic. 

世界上大多数地区使用的现代历法，是从罗马共和国时期演变而来的。

02:05②As Romans' scientific knowledge and social structures changed over time, so did their calendar.

罗马的科学知识和社会结构随时间变化，他们的历法也随之改变。

02:56③The first iteration was a scant 10 months long and paid homage to what counted in early Roman society: agriculture and religious ritual.

第一个循环只有差不多10个月的时间，并且表达了对农业和宗教仪式的敬意，而这两者是罗马社会中重要的事物。

05:16④The 304-day calendar year began in March (Martius), named after the Roman god Mars.

这种304天的日历始于三月March，March 那个时候叫做Martius，是以罗马战神Mars命名的。

05:47⑤It continued until December, which was harvest time in temperate Rome.

日历持续到十二月，在气候温和的罗马，十二月份正是收获的季节。

06:43⑥The initial calendar included six 30-day months and four 31-day months.

最初的日历有6个月是30天，4个月是31天。

06:53⑦The first four months were named for gods like Juno (June); the last six were consecutively numbered in Latin.

前四个月是以诸神的名字命名，比如六月June来自于是古罗马女神Juno朱诺；后六个月则是根据拉丁语连续编号的。

09:59⑧When the harvest ended, so did the calendar; the winter months were simply unnamed.

收获季结束时，日历也结束了，而剩下的冬季月份根本没有被命名。

PHOTOGRAPH VIA BRIDGEMAN IMAGES
The first month of the new year is named for Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and transitions. Janus is typically depicted as having two faces, such as on this metal Roman coin dating between 753 B.C. and A.D. 476.
新年的第一个月是以雅努斯（Janus）命名的，雅努斯（Janus）是罗马负责掌管开始与终结的神。雅努斯（Janus）通常被描绘成具有两张面孔的样子，就如这枚公元前753年至公元476年的金属罗马硬币所示。

ILLUSTRATION VIA BRIDGEMAN IMAGES

February is represented by a scene of European peasants on their farm in this 15th-century calendar found in Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. The illuminated manuscript is one of the most famous examples of a “book of hours,” which includes the Christian prayers and meditations to be recited at certain times of day.

在《贝里公爵的豪华时祷书》（Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry）一书中，能够看到15世纪的日历，其中关于二月的插图描绘了农场里的欧洲农民。这本插画书是一本著名的“时祷书（book of hours）”，记录了一天中应该诵读的基督教祈祷文和沉思录。

PHOTOGRAPH VIA BRIDGEMAN IMAGES

In the early Roman calendar—which was closely tied to the harvest—the winter months went unnamed until the 7th century B.C. It would take several more centuries to establish January 1 as the start of the new year. Early depictions of the month typically featured feasts such as this 13th-century stained glass window at the Cathedral of St. Etienne in Bourges, France.

早期的罗马日历与收获季息息相关，直至公元前7世纪，冬季的月份才得以命名。几世纪后，1月1日才被确立为新年伊始。早期描述中，一月人们通常摆酒设宴，13世纪法国布尔日市（Bourges）圣艾蒂安大教堂（Cathedral of St. Etienne）的彩色玻璃窗就体现了这一点。

精选语言点 

1. 词汇

1）evolve / ɪˈvɒlv / v. 演变，逐步发展

2）iteration / ˌɪtəˈreɪʃn / n. 重复，反复；复述；迭代

3）scant / skænt / adj. 将近的，差一点点的；很少的

a scant 10 months long 差不多10个月的时间

receive scant attention 几乎没有引起注意

there is scant evidence 几乎没有证据表明

4）homage / ˈhɒmɪdʒ / n. 敬意，忠诚

pay homage to 向……表示敬意

=respect

5）count / kaʊnt / v. 重要；计数；看作，认为

=to be important/to have influence

Every second counts. 

争分夺秒

6）temperate / ˈtempərət / adj. 温和的，（人）心平气和的，（气候）温带的

temperate climate 温带气候

7）consecutively / kənˈsekjətɪvli / adv. 连续地

consecutive adj. 连续的，不间断的

consecutive number 相邻数

2. 词组

1）modern calendar 现代历法

2）Roman Republic 罗马共和国

3）scientific knowledge 科学知识

4）social structure 社会结构

原文链接 

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-new-year-once-started-in-march-heres-why