210813-Astronomers Find An Unexpected Bumper Crop of Black Holes

Christopher Intagliata: This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Christopher Intagliata. 

The universe is littered with（遍布） black holes. But where exactly they’re all hiding? Well, that’s a little harder to say.

Priya Natarajan: Our current inventory（目录） of black holes is still highly incomplete.

Intagliata: Yale astronomer Priya Natarajan says black holes present unique challenges to those keeping count. 

Natarajan: These are dark objects that have such peculiar properties（特殊性质）, you can never directly quite image them like we image galaxies. Therefore, we have to infer their presence indirectly.

Intagliata: Natarajan and her colleagues recently predicted there might be a large population of previously undetected supermassive black holes just wandering around galaxies. But supermassive black holes are, as the name implies, massively large—which makes them easier to detect than their relatively tiny cousins: so-called stellar-mass black holes, which are closer in mass to our sun. 

Natarajan: If you have a stellar-mass black hole, it doesn't have the same “oomph.”（吸引力） So it’s trickier to detect them.

Intagliata: Now researchers in Europe claim to have stumbled upon（突然发现） an unexpected trove（宝藏，宝库） of these stellar-mass black holes—in a puffy（膨胀的） star cluster called Palomar 5.

Mark Gieles: In the paper, we call it kind of a Rosetta stone.

Intagliata: Mark Gieles is an astrophysicist with the University of Barcelona and the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies. 

He says Palomar 5 is best known for its spectacular star trails（路径）, studded with(镶嵌，点缀） stars ejected from the cluster（星团） over the last 11.5 billion years. But those trails turned out to be a critical clue, tipping Gieles and his team off to（tip off 向..透露消息） a large mob of black holes.

You see, the astronomers set out to determine how the trails formed. To do that, they ran more than three dozen computer simulations（模拟） in which they’d let different configurations（形状） of black holes bully around hundreds of thousands of stars for about 11 billion years. 

Gieles: Each of these models would run for several weeks up to several months. They were run on special hardware, like on graphics cards, GPUs—the ones you use for gaming, essentially.

Intagliata: The hope was one of those models would spit out（吐露） something that resembles（与...相似） Palomar 5 today. And eventually, one did.

Gieles: We saw stars were being removed very efficiently because the black holes were basically pushing the stars away from the center.

Intagliata: The model explained the star trails. But it also suggested Palomar 5 likely harbors（有） more than 100 black holes—that’s three times as many as the astronomers expected to find there. The details appear in the journal Nature Astronomy. [Mark Gieles et al., A supra-massive population of stellar-mass black holes in the globular cluster Palomar 5]

Natarajan of Yale says this work gives black hole hunters another tool for their investigations.

Natarajan: This is another indirect signature of the presence of these lurking（暗藏的） black holes.

Intagliata: And it’s also suggestive of just how much we could be missing in other star clusters like Pal 5. 

Natarajan: If those globular clusters like Pal 5 are further littered with black holes, the inventory just explodes, basically.

Intagliata: In other words, our current census of black holes appears to have some significant holes in it.

Thanks for listening. For Scientific American’s 60-Second Science, I’m Christopher Intagliata.

[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]