国概重点12-16章 美国

Chapter 11 美国历史（I）American History（I）(1492 - 1900)
知识点名称 知识点内容
1. 发现新大陆 哥伦布：In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator,
thought he could reach India by sailing west.
15世纪末，意大利航海家克里斯托弗·哥伦布认为他可以向西航行到达印度。
亚美利哥：Amerigo Vespucci proved that the land found by Christopher Columbus in the new West Indies was in fact not India, but a new continent; Therefore the land
was named America after him.亚美利哥·韦斯普奇证明，克里斯托弗·哥伦布在新西印度群岛发现的土地事实上不是印度，而是一个新大陆；因此这片土地以他的名字命名为美洲。
2. 殖民时期
The English founded their first permanent settlement on the American continent at
Jamestown in 1607. 1607年，英国人在詹姆斯敦建立了他们在美洲大陆的第一个永久定居点。
第一届代表大会：In 1619 the people of Virginia organized the first representative assembly in America. This was the House of Burgesses (or citizens).1619年，弗吉尼亚人民在美国组织了第一次代表大会。这是伯吉斯（或市民）之家。
①The second English colony to be established in America was Plymouth. ② It was founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. ③ The Pilgrims were a group of Protestants who left England because they objected to some of the beliefs and practices of the Church of England. ④ They crossed the Atlantic Ocean in a ship called the Mayflower.在美国建立的第二个英国殖民地是普利茅斯。② 它是由清教徒于1620年建立的。③ 朝圣者是一群离开英国的新教徒，因为他们反对英国教会的一些信仰和做法。④ 他们乘坐一艘名为“五月花”的船横渡大西洋。
3. 美国独立战争
①Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution. ②The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.托马斯·杰斐逊在美国独立战争期间起草了《独立宣言》。② 《宣言》对革命背后的政治理论作了明确的解释，这一理论来自英国哲学家洛克。
转折点：The great turning point of the American War of Independence occurred at
Saratoga, where the American troops defeated the British.美国独立战争的伟大转折点发生在萨拉托加，美军在那里打败了英国人。
Britain recognized the independence of the United States when the Treaty of Paris
was signed in September 1783. 1783年9月《巴黎条约》签署时，英国承认美国的独立。


4. 领土扩张和西进运动The Americans buy the Louisiana from Napoleon for only 15 million dollars in the
1790s.19世纪90年代，美国人只花1500万美元从拿破仑手中买下了路易斯安那州
The major implications are that the founding of the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is legitimate（合法）, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of American people who were chosen to do
the Lord's work.其主要含义是：美国的建立是不可避免的，美国领土的扩张是合法的，美国民主的传播是被选来做上帝工作的美国人民的任务。

5. 南北战争解 放 宣 言 ：During the Civil War, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It
abolished slavery and granted freedom to all slaves in the Southern states.
南北战争期间，林肯总统于1863年发表了《解放宣言》，以争取国内外对联邦的更多支持。它废除了奴隶制，并给予南方各州所有奴隶自由。
重建：①This difficult period of political, social, and economic changes in the South after the Civil War is known as Reconstruction.②The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided citizenship to former slaves in the US.①内战后南方政治、社会和经济变化的困难时期被称为重建。②宪法第十四修正案为美国前奴隶提供了公民身份
6. 原住民的待
遇By late 1880s most Native Americans had been forced off their lands and onto
reservations.19世纪80年代末，大多数印第安人被迫离开他们的土地，进入保留地。
The final defeat of the Native Americans came in the battle of Wounded Knee in South
Dakota in 1890.印第安人的最后一次失败是1890年在南达科他州的膝伤之战。
Chapter 12 美国历史（II）American History (II) (1900 - 1945)
知识点名称知识点内容
1.经济In 1911, Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a plane successfully.1911年，格伦·居里成功地设计并驾驶了一架飞机。

2.进步运动
要求：This event occurred at the turn of the 20th century, demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It was a number of diverse
efforts at political, social and economic reforms.这一事件发生在20世纪之交，要求政府对经济和社会状况进行调控。这是一系列政治、社会和经济改革的不同努力。
There are demands for improving living conditions of the poor in cities, the
banning of child labor, etc.求改善城市穷人的生活条件，禁止童工等。
There were demands for reforming the city and state governments and ending
corruption.有人要求改革市政府和州政府，制止腐败。
There was an attempt to regulate big business to prevent price-fixing and control
of the market.有人试图对大企业进行监管，以防止操纵价格和控制市场。
Adoption of the 19th amendment, which granted women the right to vote.
通过第19修正案，赋予妇女投票权。
3.美国与一
战The Peace Conference, the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. It was
dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France, and Italy).和平会议，即巴黎会议，始于1919年1月18日。它由四大巨头（美国、英国、法国和意大利）主导。
4.20 世纪20 年代的美国转变：As a result of the war, the United States had changed from a debtor nation, a nation which owed other nations money, to a creditor, that is, other nations owed the United States $3. 7 billion in 1919.战争的结果是，1919年，美国从一个债务国，一个欠他国钱的国家，变成了一个债主，即其他国家欠美国37亿美元。
特点：The 1920s in the United States has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and
purposelessness.美国的20世纪20年代被许多历史学家描述为一个物质上的成功和精神上的挫折或混乱和无目的的时期。
5. 经济大萧条和
新政经济大萧条：①The first blow to the stock market on October 24, 1929, called the black Thursday. ②The stock market crash was the beginning of a long economic depression. ③Many lost their land and other properties because of foreclosure.① 1929年10月24日股市遭受的第一次打击称为“黑色星期四”。② 股市崩盘是长期经济萧条的开始。③ 许多人因为丧失抵押品赎回权而失去了土地和其他财产。
 罗斯福新政： In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the Americans chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a new deal to get America out of the depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt: ① He was a great communicator and a pragmatist. ② He made Congress pass a large number of acts, the New Deal. ③ Those measures helped American overcome the most serious economic crisis.
1932年，在大萧条的深渊中，美国人选择了富兰克林·罗斯福（Franklin D.Roosevelt）为下一任总统，他承诺要出台一项新政，让美国走出大萧条。富兰克林罗斯福：①他是一个伟大的沟通者和实用主义者。② 他让国会通过了大量法案，新政。③ 这些措施帮助美国克服了最严重的经济危机。
5.
二战中的美国珍珠港：The bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nation was
formally in war with the Axis powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan.
珍珠港爆炸案改变了整个局势。该国正式与轴心国，即德国、意大利和日本交战。
指导原则：There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:
①to win the war; ② to prevent the Soviet Union from expansion.
所有外交活动背后都有两项指导原则：① 为了赢得战争；②防止苏联的扩张。
Chapter 13 美国历史（III）American History (III)
知识点名称知识点内容
1. 冷战的起源On February 22, 1946, George Kennan, a high ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, sent a long telegram to the State Department analyzing Soviet intention and putting forward suggestions.1946年2月22日，美国驻莫斯科大使馆高级官员乔治·凯南给国务院发了一封长电报，分析苏联的意图并提出建议。
2.杜鲁门政府和冷战The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman
on march 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.
1949年3月12日，杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上发表了公开的遏制政策声明。
马歇尔计划：In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion,
the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.为了保护西欧免受苏联可能的扩张，美国决定向西欧国家提供经济援助。
3.麦卡锡主义The nature of McCarthyism is anti-Communism.麦卡锡主义的本质是反共。
4. 民权运动要求：ln the 1960s’s Civil Rights Movement, African Americans demanded:
① equal right to vote; ② equal treatment in education; ③ equal treatment in transportation.在20世纪60年代的民权运动中，非裔美国人要求：①平等的选举权；②教育上的平等待遇；③交通方面的平等待遇。
马丁·路德·金：He was America’s most famous civil rights leader with his
memorable speech “I have a dream.” Under his leadership, black Americans fought against racial separation and obtained the right to vote.他是美国最著名的民权领袖，他发表了令人难忘的演讲“我有一个梦想”。在他的领导下，美国黑人反对种族隔离，并获得了选举权。
5.古巴导弹危机
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 14-day confrontation in October 1962 between
the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side.巴导弹危机是1962年10月苏联和古巴一方与美国对峙14天的对峙。
6.越南战争The longest war the US fought in its history was the Vietnam War.美国历史上最长的战争是越南战争。

7.中美关系From 1972-1979, the problem that affected the progress in US-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.
从1972年到1979年，台湾问题一直影响着中美关系的发展。
In February 1972, President Nixon visited China and met Chairman Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communique. The visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic
relations between China and the US.1972年2月，尼克松总统访华，会见了毛泽东主席，两国发表了《上海公报》。这次访问结束了23年的敌对状态，并促成了外交关系的建立中美关系
Chapter 14 美国经济 Economy
知识点名称知识点内容
经济部门John Maynard Keynes believed the government could enhance the development of
economy by controlling spending and taxes。凯恩斯认为政府可以通过控制开支和税收来促进经济发展
The North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, created the largest trade bloc（贸易集团）
in the world in 1994.北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）于1994年创建了世界上最大的贸易集团
Chapter 15 美国政治 Government
知识点名称知识点内容

1. 美国宪法简介：The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.
It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是美国最古老的成文宪法世界。它1787年起草，1789年生效。
In 1781, the Second Continental Congress adopted a constitution, the Articles
of Confederation, which formed a new nation —the United States of America.1781年，第二届大陆会议通过了一部宪法，即《联邦条款》，组成了一个新的国家——美利坚合众国。
①A federal system of government two layers: the central or federal government and the local or state government ②Separation of Powers: Checks and Balances 3 branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial ③Provisions for amendments The congress, by a two-thirds got in each house, may initiate an
amendment. ④Bill of Rights：The first ten amendments to the constitution.
① 联邦制政府有两个层次：中央或联邦政府和地方或州政府②权力分立：制衡3个分支：立法、行政和司法③修正条款国会通过每院三分之二的席位，可以提出修正案。④ 人权法案：宪法的前十个修正案。
Amendments to the US Constitution must have the approval of three fourths of
the states before they can enter into force.美国宪法的修正案必须得到四分之三州的批准才能生效。
The Bill of Rights is the term used for the first ten amendments to the
Constitution. 《权利法案》是宪法前十项修正案中使用的术语。

2. 联邦政府The Legislative Branch立法部门Congress国会The House of Representatives众议院
The Senate参议院
The leader of the Senate is the vice president in the United
States.参议院的领袖是美国的副总统。
The Executive Branch
行政部门
The PresidentThe Cabinet内阁
其他机构
The Judicial Branch
司法部门The Supreme Court最高法院
Such a power is judicial review, that is, to strike down laws
the Supreme Court finds to be against the Constitution.
这种权力就是司法审查，也就是说，推翻最高法院认为违反宪法的法律
3.选举And by 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was
ratified, giving women the right to vote.到1920年，美国宪法第十九修正案获得批准，赋予妇女投票权。

 Chapter 16 美国文化 Culture
知识点名称知识点内容
1.语言In American English, General American , a standard dialect, lacks the distinctive
feature of any particular region.在美式英语中，作为一种标准方言，普通美国语缺乏任何特定地区的特色。
Spanish has official status in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the state of
New Mexico.西班牙语在波多黎各联邦和新墨西哥州具有官方地位。
2.宗教The following is the percentage of followers of different religions in the United States:Christian(80.2 ). There are Protestant(51.3 ), Roman Catholic(23.9 ), Mormon(1.7 ), Other Christian(1.6) and Remainder of Christians(12.1), which are all different part of Christian.以下是美国不同宗教信徒的百分比州：基督教（80.2）。有新教徒（51.3），罗马天主教徒（23.9），摩门教（1.7），其他基督徒（1.6）和其他基督徒（12.1），这些都是基督教的不同部分。

3.教育 Education资金：Funding: federal, state and local资金来源：联邦、州和地方
出席：Mandatory in elementary and high school levels小学和高中必修课
高等教育：①Three principal functions in the U.S. are teaching, research and public service. ② American higher education began with the founding of Harvard University in 1636. ③ American high schools are divided into comprehensive, academic,
vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks.① 美国的三大职能是教学、研究和公共服务。② 美国高等教育始于1636年哈佛大学的成立。③ 美国的高中分为综合性、学术性、职业性和技术性学校，任务有所不同。

4.文学America's first internationally popular writers were James Fenimore Cooper and
Washington Irving in the early 19th century.美国最早的国际知名作家是19世纪初的詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀和华盛顿·欧文。
Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition and did not take on a unique dramatic identity until the emergence of Eugene O'Neill in the early 20th century, now considered by many to be the father of American drama O'Neill
is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for drama and the only American playwright to win the Nobel Prize for literature.美国戏剧以西方传统为基础，直到20世纪初尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O'Neill）的出现才具有独特的戏剧身份，现在被许多人认为是美国戏剧之父奥尼尔四次获得普利策戏剧奖，也是唯一一位获得诺贝尔奖的美国剧作家为了文学。
Eleven US citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature.11名美国公民获得诺贝尔文学奖。
Ernest Hemingway(海明威),the 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century.欧内斯特·海明威，1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，被誉为20世纪最有影响力的作家之一
①Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick(1851), Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry 
Finn(1885),and F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby(1925)—may be called the 
“Great American Novel”. ②As the epicenter of American commercial theater, 
Broadway is one of the largest theater communities in the world. ③The first half 
of the century is famous for jazz, introduced by African-Americans in the south.
① 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》（1851年）、吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（1885年）和菲茨杰拉德（F.Scott Fitzgerald）的《了不起的盖茨比》（The Great Gatsby，1925）可称为“伟大的美国小说”。② 作为美国商业剧院的震中，百老汇是世界上最大的戏剧社区之一。③ 本世纪上半叶是著名的爵士乐，由非洲裔美国人在南部引进。
5.电影The moviemaker of Reservoir Dogs is Quentin Tarantino.《落水狗》的制片人是昆汀·塔伦蒂诺。

6.科学技术
Many great American inventors contributed to the scientific advancement and technological innovation in American culture, and among them Samuel Morse invented
the telegraph.许多伟大的美国发明家为美国文化的科学进步和技术革新做出了贡献，其中塞缪尔·莫尔斯发明了电报。

7.体育①Baseball is the oldest of the major American team sports.Though baseball is no longer the most popular sport, it is still referred to as "the national sport".
②American football, known in the United States as simply” football,”now attracts more television viewers than any other sport and is considered to be the most popular sport in the United States.③ Ice hockey is the fourth leading professional team
sports.① 棒球是美国主要球队中最古老的一支体育。不过棒球不再是最受欢迎的运动，它仍然被称为“国家运动”。
② 美式足球在美国被简单地称为“足球”，现在吸引的电视观众比其他任何体育项目都要多，被认为是美国最受欢迎的运动。③冰球是第四大职业团体运动。
8.其他The United States trends towards cultural diversity, pluralism and the image of a salad bowl.美国倾向于文化多样性、多元化和色拉碗的形象。

9.节日
阵亡将士纪念日Memorial Day is observed on the last Monday of May. It originally honored the people killed in the American Civil War, but has become a day on which the American dead of all wars are
remembered.阵亡将士纪念日在五月的最后一个星期一举行。它最初是为了纪念在美国内战中阵亡的人们，但现在却成了人们缅怀所有战争中死去的美国人的日子。

退伍军人节Veterans Day is celebrated on November 11. This holiday was originally called Armistice Day and established to honor Americans who had served in World War I. It now honors veterans of all wars in which the US has fought.11月11日是退伍军人节。这个节日最初被称为停战日，是为了纪念在第一次世界大战中服役的美国人，现在是为了纪念美国参加过的所有战争的退伍军人。
感恩节the fourth Thursday in November十一月的第四个星期四