2015年真题C1P2，美国学生权利在校园中的演变

写在前面的话，英国启蒙思想家洛克说，每个人生来就有人身自由的权利，别人没有权力加以支配，只能由他自己自由处理。美国的“替代父母”制度，在美国70年代后才逐渐废除。下文的作者告诉我们这种制度的由来，以及未来的发展倾向。

第一部分，原文阅读。

Passage Two

1. Before the 1970s, college students were treated as children. So many colleges ran in loco parentis system. "In loco parentis" is Latin term meaning"in the place of parent."It describes when someone else accepts responsibility to act in the interests of a child.

在20世纪70年代以前，大学生被当作儿童对待。所以很多大学都实行代替父母制度。“In loco parentis”是拉丁语，意思是“代替父母”。它描述某人为了孩子的利益而承担责任。

2. This idea developed long ago in British common law to define the responsibility of teachers toward their students. For years, American courts upheld in loco parentis in cases such as Gott versus Berea College in 1913.

这一概念早在英国普通法中就已提出，用以界定教师对学生的责任。多年来，美国法院在1913年Gott诉Berea学院等案件中支持代替父母。

3. Gott owned a restaurant off campus. Berea threatened to expel students who ate at places not owned by the school. The Kentucky high court decided that in loco parentis justified that rule.

戈特在校外开了一家餐馆。贝里亚威胁要开除那些在非学校所有的地方吃饭的学生。肯塔基州高等法院裁定，代替父母的规定是合理的。

4. In loco parentis meant that male and female college students usually had to live in separate buildings. Women had to be back at their dorms by ten or eleven on school nights.

代替父母指的是男大学生和女大学生通常必须住在不同的建筑物里。在上学的晚上，女性必须在10点或11点之前回到宿舍。

5. But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these. At the same time, courts began to support students who were being punished for political and social dissent.

但在20世纪60年代，学生们开始抗议这样的规则和限制。与此同时，法院开始支持那些因政治和社会异见而受到惩罚的学生。

6. In 1960. Alabama State College expelled six students who took part in a civil rights demonstration. They sued the school and won. After that, it became harder and harder to defend in loco parentis.

在1960年。阿拉巴马州立大学开除了六名参加民权游行的学生。他们起诉了学校并胜诉。从那以后，替父母辩护就越来越难了。

7. At that time, students were not considered adults until 21. Then, in 1971, the 24th amendment to the Constitution set the voting age at eighteen. So in loco parentis no longer really applied.

那时，学生直到21岁才被认为是成年人。然后，在1971年，宪法第24修正案将投票年龄定在18岁。所以代替父母不再适用。

8. Slowly, colleges began to treat students not as children, but as adults. Students came to be seen as consumers of educational services.

慢慢地，大学开始不再把学生当成孩子，而是当成成年人。学生被视为教育服务的消费者。

9. Gary Dickstein, an assistant vice president at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, says in loco parentis is not really gone. It just looks different. Today's parents, he says, are often heavily involved in students' lives. They are known"helicopter parents. "They alway s seem to hover over their children. Gary Dickstein says these parents are likely to question decisions, especially about safety issues and grades. They want to make sure their financial investment is not being wasted.

俄亥俄州代顿市莱特州立大学副校长助理加里·迪克斯坦说，父母代替并没有真正消失。只是看起来不一样。他说，如今的父母常常积极参与学生的生活。他们被称为“直升机父母”。“他们似乎总是盘旋在孩子们的上空。迪克斯坦(Gary Dickstein)说，这些家长可能会质疑孩子的决定，尤其是关于安全问题和成绩的决定。他们希望确保自己的金融投资不会被浪费。

第二部分，段落讲解。

1，提示句，It describes when someone else accepts responsibility to act in the interests of a child. 它描述某人为了孩子的利益而承担责任。

2，关键词，将数字，细节，题目的定位要求，都反应在文章中。

3，主旨句，So in loco parentis no longer really applied. 所以“代替父母”不再适用。in loco parentis is not really gone. 代替父母并没有真正消失。

4，部分生词，要根据上下文的句子合理领会涵义。

upheld，支持

expel，开除

justified，证明…正当

dorms，宿舍

rules and restrictions，法律规制

political and social dissent，政治和社会异议

demonstration，示威游行

sued，状告

the 24th amendment the Constitution，第24条宪法修正案

Dayton, Ohio，俄亥俄州代顿市

involved in students' lives，参与学生的生活

"helicopter parents. "，“直升机父母。”

hover over，在…盘旋

financial investment，财务投资

第三部分，答案讲解。

Before the 1970s, many colleges ran in loco parentis system because.

A. they could take the place of the students'parents

B. parents asked them to do it for the interests of their children

C. this was a tradition established by British colleges

D. college students were regarded as too young to be treated as adults

答案：D，

定位：第1段第一句；Before the 1970s, college students were treated as children. So many colleges ran in loco parentis system. 在20世纪70年代以前，大学生被当作儿童对待。所以很多大学都实行代替父母制度。

分析：细节题——推理，D. college students were regarded as too young to be treated as adults. 意思是：大学生被认为太年轻，不能像成年人一样对待。因此应该选D。

至于其他选项的意思是： A. they could take the place of the students'parents，他们可以代替学生的父母； B. parents asked them to do it for the interests of their children，父母要求他们这样做是为了孩子的利益； C. this was a tradition established by British colleges，这是英国大学建立的传统；这些意思本段都没提及，都不符合题意，属于干扰项，所以可以排除。

词汇复习： interest：利益；establish：建立； be treated as：被看做...来对待

Who won the case of Gott versus Berea College in 1913?

A. Berea College.

B. Gott.

C. It was a win-win case.

D. The students.

答案：A，

定位：第2段第一句，For years, American courts upheld in loco parentis in cases such as Gott versus Berea College in 1913.多年来，美国法院支持代替父母制度，例如：在1913年Gott诉Berea学院等案件中。后面第三段接着说，The Kentucky high court decided that in loco parentis justified that rule. 肯塔基州高等法院裁定，代替父母的规定是合理的。

分析：细节题——推理。题目问：Who won the case of Gott versus Berea College in 1913? 根据文中的细节陈述，我们可以推理出是代表家长的Berea College获得了法院的支持。因此选A。

词汇复习：upheld：支持；such as：比如； justify：证明合法

The word "dissent" (Para. 5)probably means"."

A. extreme behaviors

B. violation of laws

C. strong disagreement

D. wrong doings

答案：C，

定位：第5段最后一句，

But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these. At the same time, courts began to support students who were being punished for political and social dissent.

但在20世纪60年代，学生们开始抗议这样的规则和限制。与此同时，法院开始支持那些因政治和社会异见而受到惩罚的学生。

分析：推断题。这段中，前一句话里的 “protest rules and restrictions”即是dissent的表现形式，即反对规则和限制。那么四个选项中，只有C，strong disagreement （social）强烈社会争议，符合要求。而A, extreme behaviors 极端行为；本文并未提及，但反对社会约束不代表有极端行为，这个选项是个陷阱。再看B， violation of laws，违反法律，也与反对约束的争议不相干；那么D，wrong doings，错误的行为，本文作者认为恰好相反，法院支持了学生，不能认为学生错，因此，social dissent社会异议，仅仅是一种观点，选C。这道题很容易答错，protest，指反对，抗议，这只是一种观念。易混淆的词：protect，保护，意思正好相反。

In 1960, the court ruled that Alabama State College.

A. had no right to expel the students

B. was justified to have expelled the students

C. shouldn't interfere with students'daily life

D. should support civil rights demonstrations

答案：A，

定位：第5段最后一句，

In 1960. Alabama State College expelled six students who took part in a civil rights demonstration. They sued the school and won.在1960年。阿拉巴马州立大学开除了六名参加民权游行的学生。他们起诉了学校并胜诉。

分析：细节题。the court ruled ，是指法院裁决，题目问，1960年法院裁决了Alabama State College哪个方面？ A选项，had no right to expel the students 没有权力开除学生； B选项，was justified to have expelled the students，开除学生是正当的； C选项，shouldn't interfere with students'daily life，不应该干扰学生的日常生活；D选项，should support civil rights demonstrations，应该支持民权示威。很显然，B是相反项，C和D，法院都没提，法院只认为学校不应该开除学生（因为学生有权利表达）。自然选A。凡是文章没提的引申涵义，都不要选，选最直接的那项。

According to Gary Dickstein, today's "helicopter parents".

A. don't set their hearts at rest with college administrators

B. keep a watchful eye on their children's life and study

C. care less about their children's education than before

D. have different opinions on their children's education

答案：B，

定位：第9段，They are known "helicopter parents. "They always seem to hover over their children. 他们被称为“直升机父母”。“他们似乎总是盘旋在孩子们的上空。Gary Dickstein says these parents are likely to question decisions, especially about safety issues and grades. Gary Dickstein说，这些家长可能会质疑孩子的决定，尤其是关于安全问题和成绩的决定。

分析：细节题，根据定位上下句迅速找出答案。 A，don't set their hearts at rest with college administrators，不把他们的心放在大学管理人员那里，无关选项；B，keep a watchful eye on their children's life and study，密切关注孩子的生活和学习；说明仍然不放心孩子，是正确答案。C，care less about their children's education than before，他们比以前更不关心孩子的教育，错误选项；D，have different opinions on their children's education，对孩子的教育有不同的看法，迷惑选项，与题干不相干。文中提到质疑孩子的决定，但这并不能说明家长质疑教育本身。况且这也跟直升机父母不相干，这是战斗机父母。因此直接选B。

后记：每日一句，《刺客信条》电影台词：

We work in the darkness to serve the light. 我们躬耕于黑暗中，却向往着光明。

人生必须透过黑暗，才能看到光明。不要徘徊，不要担心，要勇往直前，努力去追逐自己的梦想。

@虫叔说，学英语读逻辑，品美文看世界。Good day ！