代词
什么是代词呢?
指代人、物的名称或数量的词。如:
He is a naughty boy.(人称代词)
他是一个调皮的男孩。
This is a toy car.(指示代词)
这是一个玩具小汽车。
I have some apples.(不定代词)
我有一些苹果。
代词的分类:
代词可以分为8类,分别是人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词,相互代词,疑问代词,关系代词。
1. 人称代词
在一个句子中,动词前面用人称代词的主格形式,动词后面用人称代词的宾格形式;换句话说,主格是动作的发出者,而宾格是动作的承受着。如:
He loves her.(黄晓明爱Angelababy。)
She loves him, too.(Angelababy也爱黄晓明)
My Parents love me,and I love them, too.
我的父母很爱我,我也很爱他们。
2. 物主代词
物主代词可以分为两类,形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
形容词性物主代词表示这个物体的主人是谁,而名词性的物主代词相当于是一个名词。如:
His car is black, but hers is red.
他的车是黑色的,但她的车是红色的。
上面的句子也可以改写为:
His car is black, but her car is red.
因此,名词性物主代词相当于是形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
This green T-shirt is yours, this red one is mine.
This green T-shirt is your T-shirt, this red one is my T-shirt.
3. 反身代词
反身代词顾名思义就指代的是某人自己。
Make yourself at home.
就当在自己家一样。
Students need to finish their homework by themselves.
学生们需要自己完成自己的家庭作业。
4. 指示代词
指示代词只有4个,分别是this, that, these, those. this这个和that那个是单数形式,指一个;these这些和those那些是复数形式,指很多个。这个物体或这些东西离我们比较近时用this
或these。而用that和those时,则表明那个物体或那些东西离我们距离比较远。如:
This man is my dad, that man over there is my uncle.
这位是我父亲,站在那边那位是我叔叔。
These are my candies, your candies are on the table.
这些糖果是我的,你的糖果在那边那个桌子上。
5. 疑问代词
疑问代词的本质是个代词,只不过它代替一个不确定的、等待对方来确认的人或者物。疑问代词通常位于谓语动词之前,用于构成特殊疑问句;常见的疑问代词有:who谁(主格), whom谁(宾格), whose谁的, which哪一个,what什么。如:
Who is your brother?
The boy in a blue shirt.
To whom did you speak on the campus?(whom在本句中作宾语)
I spoke to Lily.
Whose books are these on the desk?
They are Lucy's.
Which girl do you like best?
I love the one with long hair best.
What are you looking for?
I'm looking for my wallet.
注意: when 何时, where 哪里, why 为何, how 如何、怎么样。这些都是疑问副词。
疑问副词的本质是一个副词,用来咨询对方谓语动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等。如:
When will he come back?
He will come back tomorrow.
Where does he live?
He lives in Xi'an.
Why was he late?
Because he got up late.
How did he go to Shanghai?
He went to Shanghai by train.
6. 不定代词
不定代词就是不指明代替的特定名词或形容词的代词。如one或some。复合型不定代词就是由两个词组合成的一个新词,比如every+thing=everything.
a. 常见的复合型不定代词,如:
注意:将everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词当单数看待,如:
If anyone calls, tell him, I will be back later.
b. 常用不定代词的用法,如:
注意:few和little前有a就有一点,没有a就是否定意义,没有。
7. 相互代词
相互代词就是表示相互关系的代词。英语中的相互代词只有each other和one another两个。相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,如:
A couple should love each other.
一对夫妇应该相互之间彼此恩爱。
People should love one another.
人与人之间应该相互关爱。
存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another,如:
The students corrected each other's mistakes in their homework.
学生们两个人之间彼此交换,进行作业的错误批改。
The students corrected one another's mistakes in their homework.
学生们交换作业,进行错误批改。
8. 关系代词
关系代词就是指示代词that或者是疑问代词who、whose、which等在引导定语从句的时候,我们就把that、who、whose、which等称作关系代词,也可以叫做引导词。
a, 限定性定语从句,指人用who/that, 如:
He is the man who told me the news.
他就是告诉我这个消息的人。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you’ve been looking for.
这就是那个你一直在寻找的那个人。
b, 限定性定语从句,指物用which/that, 如:
This is the car which I bought last year.
这就是我去年买的那辆车。
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday.
这就是我前天读的那本书。
c, 非限定性定语从句,指人用who,/whose, 如:
The driver,who was very young, had just got his driving license.
这位年轻司机,刚刚拿到了他的驾照。
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
这个父亲是工程师的男孩学习非常刻苦。
d, 非限定性定语从句,指物用which/whose, 如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说他在那看见我了,其实他在撒谎。
He lives in a room whose window faces south.
他住在一间窗户朝南的房子里。
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