【写作】1.3 写作评分标准详解1：词汇

写作评分标准

一、  词汇丰富程度(Lexical resource)评分标准（5/6/7）

1.       5分：使用词汇范围有限，但能达到进行写作任务的最低限度

在拼写及/或构词方面可能出现明显的错误，且可能会对读者造成一定的阅读困难

2.       6分：使用足够的词汇开展写作任务

试图使用不常用词汇，但有时使用不准确；在拼写及/或构词方面有错误，但不影响交流

3.  7分：使用足够的词汇，体现一定灵活性及准确性，使用不常见词汇，对语体及搭配有一定认识

在选择用词、拼写及/或构词方面可能偶尔出现错误

二、该标准下的常见问题

1.开头段或原文用词照抄题目信息和关键词（改写）

2.盲目使用大词、难词、长表达、大量近反义词（精、准、巧、灵）

【例1】The poverty rate will continuouslyarise. arise表示“产生”，rise才表示“上升”。应改为：

The poverty rate will continuouslyrise.

【例2】Health practitioners need to find more effective ways ofreducing calorie intake that are both practical andinexpensive. (real and effective)

Health practitioners need tofind more effective ways of reducing calorie intake that are bothpracticable and inexpensive. (easily put intopractice)

【例3】The governmentdoes not pay any attention totheenvironmental issues such as vehicular emission discharge and sewage dischargeat this point in time.

Currently,the governmentignoresthe environmental issuessuch as vehicular emission discharge and sewage discharge.

3.以中文意思为使用标准

【例1】Advertising is a good waytopropagandiseproducts.

Advertising is a good way topromoteproducts.

【例2】Damage to health is one ofthe biggestmenacesof smoking.

Damage to health is one of the biggestdangersof smoking.

4.单词的搭配错误

【例1】improvetheirawareness        raiseone’s awareness

【例2】increasetheperformance       improve/ promotethe performance

【例3】achieveone’s optimumfitness   buildmuscles

【例4】lose weight                   improveone’s fitness

5.用词单一重复

【例1】some older relations inthe family可替换为：

those who are becoming frailer due to old age /the older generation/olderrelations/older family members/

the elder relations

【例2】younger family members可替换为：

younger generation/younger relatives/younger relations/younger relationsin the family

三、  解决方法

1.注意近义词(synonyms)的学习

【例1】Alternative(other different)forms of transport should beencouraged(promoted /supported) andinternational laws(legislation/regulations) should beintroduced(passed/enacted/created) tocontrol(manage/restrict)car(vehicle/automobile)ownership and use.

【例2】Many people today findthat thecostof attaining auniversity-level educationis extremelyhighfor the students and their families. What are thecausesof this situation, andhowcangovernments,universitiesand thestudentsthemselvesovercomethe problem?

→While many young peopleaspire toattending university, theexpenseinvolved can be prohibitive in some cases. Thecausesof this appear to be focused on threeareas, and a number of solutions also appear to be possible.Theoriginsof this situation seem to stem from threefactors, while several remedies appear to be open to us.

【例3】原因和解决方式的替换

causes of a situation→Origins /Roots/Factors/Underlying factors/causes/The factors stem from/derive from/flow from

solutions→Remedies /Ways tosolve/Methods to address/deal with/Answers to a problem

2.不要单个记忆单词，要学习词组或词汇搭配。牢记正确的词汇搭配，避免典型错误

【例】He was guilty of making a crime.“犯罪”的固定搭配为commit a crime，

所以应该改为：He was guilty ofcommitting a crime.

3.英语单词通常属于不同的词族，要注意词性，写作时应使用该语境下正确的构词

【例】Nowadays, everyeconomical / economic/ economics（×）economy ()is strugglling.

Economical省钱的；节省的/ economic经济的；与经济相关的/ economics经济学

4.要确保正确使用不常见词汇，但并不意味着使用复杂的词汇，合适的才是最好的

【例1】熟词僻意

The youth should not be educated toharboura grudge for others’ success.

n.海港；港口        v.持有或抱有（某种特殊的思想或感情）

Some scientists suggest that we canharnessthe wind power to generate electricity.

n.马具，挽具；甲胄  v.治理，利用

【例2】拉丁短语

The natural environment is deteriorating withyears; hence both individuals and governments should take effective measures tochange thestatus quo.

n.现状

Students should learn from teachers andvice versa.

adv.相当于 with the orderreversed反过来的（也是一样的）