【英语】全球国家简介——尼日尔

Niger is located in western Africa. It borders Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. The majority of the country lies in the Sahara Desert region. At over one million two hundred sixty seven thousand square kilometers or 489,191 square miles, Niger is the largest country in West Africa.

尼日尔位于非洲西部。它东北与利比亚接壤，东与乍得接壤，南与尼日利亚和贝宁接壤，西与布基纳法索和马里接壤，西北与阿尔及利亚接壤。这个国家的大部分位于撒哈拉沙漠地区。尼日尔面积超过一百二十六万七平方公里，是西非最大的国家。

There are three main geographical regions in Niger. 1, the Saharan region covers most of northern Nigeria, consists of the Sahara Desert and Rocky Mountains. This dry region has very little vegetation. 2, the Sahelian region stretches across central Niger and transitions between the desert north and the fertile south. This semi arid region has grasslands and some acacia forest. 3. TheSudanian region in southern Niger has more vegetation and a tropical climate. This wetter region along the Niger River has Woodlands and savannas.

尼日尔有三个主要的地理区域。撒哈拉地区覆盖了尼日利亚北部的大部分地区，包括撒哈拉沙漠和落基山脉。这个干旱地区植被很少。2、 Sahelian 地区横跨尼日尔中部，在沙漠北部和肥沃的南部之间过渡。这个半干旱地区有草原和一些相思树林。3.尼日尔南部的苏丹地区有更多的植被和热带气候。尼日尔河沿岸这片湿润的地区有林地和热带稀树草原。

Some of the major geographical features in Niger include the Sahara Desert, which covers over two thirds of Niger's land area. The Tenoray Desert region in the northeast is known as the Empty Quarter, the Air Mountains located in northern Niger near the Algerian border. The range includes the country's highest point, Mount Edo Kal N Taguez, at 2,022 meters or 6,633 feet.

 尼日尔的一些主要地理特征包括撒哈拉沙漠，它覆盖了尼日尔三分之二的陆地面积。位于东北部的特诺雷沙漠地区被称为“空旷地带”，位于尼日尔北部阿尔及利亚边境附近的空气山脉。山脉包括该国的最高点，埃多卡尔N塔格斯山，海拔2022米，即6633英尺。

TheNiger River is the country's main source of water and an important transportation route. It flows through the southwest region and into Nigeria. Lake Chad lies on the southeast border between Niger, Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon. It is shrinking due to increased drought and irrigation demands.

尼日尔河是该国的主要水源和重要的交通路线。它流经西南地区进入尼日利亚。乍得湖位于尼日尔、尼日利亚、乍得和喀麦隆之间的东南边界。由于干旱和灌溉需求的增加，它正在萎缩。

Here are some key facts about the geography of Niger. Niger is one of the hottestcountries on earth, with average highs over 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit from April to June. Over 80% of Niger is covered by the Sahara Desert. The population is concentrated along the southern border. The Niger River is the country's only major river and provides valuable irrigation for agriculture. Niger's landscape is predominantly flat deserts and savannas, but there are some plateaus and mountains in the north.

以下是有关尼日尔地理的一些特点。尼日尔是地球上最热的国家之一，4月至6月的平均气温超过40摄氏度或104华氏度。超过80%的尼日尔被撒哈拉沙漠覆盖。人口集中在南部边境。尼日尔河是该国唯一的主要河流，为农业提供了宝贵的灌溉。尼日尔的地貌主要是平坦的沙漠和大草原，但在北部也有一些高原和山脉。

According to World Bank data, Niger has a population of over 26 million people, composed of several main ethnic groups. The largest group are the Hausa, making up over 50% of the population, located mostly in the southern and western parts of the country. Historically, the Hausa have been farmers and traders.

根据世界银行的数据，尼日尔有超过2600万人口，由几个主要民族组成。最大的群体是豪萨人，占人口的50% 以上，主要分布在该国的南部和西部地区。历史上，豪萨人一直是农民和商人。

The Zamasonghai are the next largest group at over 20% of the population, situated in the southwest along the Niger River and known for fishing and agriculture, the Tuareg people, around 10% are a nomadic group living in the northern Sahara desert region.

扎马松海是第二大族群，人口超过20% ，位于尼日尔河流域西南部，以渔业和农业闻名。大约10% 的图阿雷格人是生活在北撒哈拉沙漠地区的游牧民族。

Other groups include the Fulani at about 8% of the population living across western central Niger and traditionally being herders and nomads. And the canoe at approximately 4% located around Lake Chad in the southeast and known for fishing and farming, there are also small minorities ofArab, Tubu andGourmanche peoples.

其他群体包括住在尼日尔中西部约占人口8%的富拉尼人，他们传统上是牧民和游牧民。大约4%的独木舟位于乍得湖东南部，以渔业和农业闻名，还有少数民族阿拉伯人、Tubu人和古尔曼什人。

The dominant religion in Niger is Islam, with over 95% of the population being Muslim, mostly Sunni, but with some Shiites as well. Only about 1% of the population is Christian, along with traditional African religions and beliefs, four languages. While French is the official language used in government and education, several national languages are predominantly spoken. These include Hausa, spoken by over 40% of the population, Zama spoken by over 10%, and tamashek, the language of the Tuareg people. Regional trade languages like Fulfill, Kanuri, Arabic andSonghai are also widely used in markets and trade.

在尼日尔占主导地位的宗教是伊斯兰教，超过95%的人口是穆斯林，大多数是逊尼派，但也有一些什叶派。只有大约1%的人口是基督徒，加上传统的非洲宗教和信仰，四种语言。虽然法语是政府和教育部门使用的官方语言，但也有一些国家的语言被广泛使用。其中包括超过40%的人口说豪萨语，超过10%的人口说扎马语，以及图阿雷格人的语言tamashek。区域性贸易语言，如Fulfill、Kanuri、阿拉伯语和Songhai也广泛应用于市场和贸易。

Nigerian cuisine is diverse and flavorful, incorporating many different foods and ingredients. These are some popular Nigerian dishes. Jollof rice is considered one of West Africa's signature dishes. This flavorful rice dish includes long grain rice cooked in a tomato based sauce with spices like ginger, garlic, chilli peppers and thyme. Meat or poultry is often served with it. The rice absorbs the sauce and comes out orange, red in color.Jollof rice is a staple party food across Nigeria.

尼日利亚美食是多样的和美味的，融合了许多不同的食物和成分。这些都是很受欢迎的尼日利亚菜。乔洛夫米饭被认为是西非的标志性菜肴之一。这道美味的米饭菜肴包括长粒米饭煮在番茄酱香料，如生姜，大蒜，辣椒和百里香。肉类或家禽通常与它一起食用。米饭吸收了酱汁，变成橙红色。乔洛夫大米是尼日利亚的主要宴会食品。

Palm nut soup is a hearty stew commonly found in southern Nigeria. It's made with palm nut pulp as the base, along with assorted meats, dried fish, peppers and other vegetables. The broth has a reddish hue and rich oily texture from the palm nut pulp. Served with fufu flour dumplings, palm nut soup makes a filling, savory meal.

棕榈坚果汤是在尼日利亚南部常见的一种丰盛的炖菜。它以棕榈果肉为主要原料，搭配各种肉类、鱼干、辣椒和其他蔬菜制成。肉汤有一个红色的色调和丰富的油质地从棕榈坚果果肉。上桌时配以豆腐面饺子、棕榈仁汤作为馅料，美味可口。

The Hausa people of northern Nigeria have a famous dish called bamboo. This is made from pounded, stewed meat seasoned with chili pepper and spices. Bamboo consists of very tender shreds of goat, beef or chicken that soak up the flavors of the stew. The meaty stew is served a top ricecouscous or another grain.

尼日利亚北部的豪萨人有一道著名的菜叫做竹子。这是由捣碎的炖肉做成的，用辣椒和香料调味。竹子由非常嫩的山羊肉、牛肉或鸡肉组成，可以吸收炖菜的味道。这道肉汤可以搭配上米蒸粗麦粉或其他谷物。

The early history of what is now Niger was defined by several powerful empires that controlled the trans Saharan trade routes. Between the 7th and 15th centuries, The Ghana Empire, Mali Empire and Songhai Empire, rose to prominence in the region that includes modern day Niger. The famous city of Timbuktu became a major trading hub and center of Islamic scholarship.

尼日尔的早期历史是由几个控制着跨撒哈拉贸易路线的强大帝国所决定的。公元7世纪至15世纪期间，加纳帝国、马里帝国和桑海帝国在该地区崛起，包括现在的尼日尔。著名的廷巴克图成为主要的贸易中心和伊斯兰学术中心。

During this time, in the late 1800s, French colonial forces began making inroads in western Africa. Explorers mapped the Niger River, and by 19, France had gained control over territory that would become Niger. The French exploited resources like salt and laborers, instituting a system of direct rule. Niger's borders were defined between 19 and 1920.

在此期间，在19世纪后期，法国殖民军队开始侵入西非。探险家绘制了尼日尔河的地图，到19岁时，法国已经控制了后来成为尼日尔的领土。法国人开采盐和劳工等资源，建立了直接统治制度。尼日尔的边界是在1919年到1920年之间划定的。

Independence movements began stirring after World War 2. On August 3rd,1960, Niger gained full independence from France. Hamani Diori became the first president. Droughts and political turmoil led to Diori being overthrown in a 1974 coup by Seni Conchi, who ruled until his passing in 1987. Political openness increased during the 1990s, and free elections were first held in 1993. In the 2, Niger continued to face challenges from droughts, famines, ethnic conflicts and the Tuareg insurgency.

 第二次世界大战后，独立运动开始兴起。1960年8月3日，尼日尔从法国获得完全独立。哈马尼 · 迪奥里成为第一任总统。干旱和政治动荡导致迪奥里在1974年的政变中被塞尼 · 孔奇推翻，后者一直统治着迪奥里，直到1987年去世。20世纪90年代，政治开放程度有所提高，1993年首次举行了自由选举。在这两个国家中，尼日尔继续面临干旱、饥荒、种族冲突和图阿雷格叛乱的挑战。

Democratization has progressed slowly with frequent military interference. Terrorist groups also threaten security in the region. Current issues include severe poverty, high population growth under development and food insecurity. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, but it has potential for growth and development. As of 2022, its GDP stands at around $15 billion, according to World Bank data.

民主化进展缓慢，军事干预频繁。恐怖组织也威胁着该地区的安全。当前的问题包括严重贫困、发展中国家人口高增长和粮食不安全。尼日尔是世界上最贫穷的国家之一，但它有增长和发展的潜力。根据世界银行的数据，到2022年，其国内生产总值约为150亿美元。

Niger has faced tough hurdles in developing its economy. It is landlocked, extremely arid and 80% covered by the Sahara Desert, providing food and water security forNiger's rapidly growing population has been difficult. Limited natural resources, poor infrastructure and recurrent droughts and famines have slowed economic progress.

尼日尔在发展经济方面面临着严峻的障碍。尼日尔地处内陆，极度干旱，80% 的土地被撒哈拉沙漠覆盖，为尼日尔迅速增长的人口提供食物和水源保障一直很困难。自然资源有限、基础设施薄弱以及经常发生的干旱和饥荒减缓了经济发展。

Education levels are very low. Government corruption and debt have also hampered Niger's economy. Yet there is hope. Niger's economy relies heavily on subsistence farming, herding and small scale agriculture. Only 15% of the land area is arable. But Niger has the potential to expand agriculture near the Niger River, the country could boost food production and exports with improved irrigation and farming methods.

教育水平很低。政府腐败和债务也阻碍了尼日尔的经济发展。但还是有希望的。尼日尔的经济严重依赖自给农业、畜牧业和小规模农业。只有15%的土地面积是可耕种的。但是尼日尔有潜力扩大尼日尔河附近的农业，该国可以通过改进灌溉和农业方法来促进粮食生产和出口。

Niger also has untapped mineral deposits, including valuable uranium, coal, gold and oil reserves. Uranium is nature's most profitable export, but instability in the north where mines operate poses challenges. If mining infrastructure and foreign investment can be expanded responsibly, minerals and oil could significantly contribute to nature's economy.

尼日尔还拥有尚未开发的矿藏，包括宝贵的铀、煤、黄金和石油储量。铀是自然界最有利可图的出口产品，但是北部地区的不稳定也带来了挑战。如果能够负责任地扩大采矿基础设施和外国投资，矿产和石油可以为自然经济做出重大贡献。

On the positive side, Niger has made gradual progress in health, education and women's rights. Life expectancy and literacy rates have risen. Programs providing school meals and income for poor families help decrease poverty. International aid has been essential for this human development. The Nigerian government and Ngos hope to further improve access to education, healthcare, clean water and micro finance. If you enjoyed this video on Niger, you'll love this next one.

在积极方面，尼日尔在卫生、教育和妇女权利方面取得了逐步进展。预期寿命和识字率都有所提高。为贫困家庭提供学校伙食和收入的计划有助于减少贫困。国际援助对人类的发展至关重要。尼日利亚政府和非政府组织希望进一步改善教育、医疗、清洁水和小额信贷的获取。