【英语】全球国家简介——格鲁吉亚

The country of Georgia is situated in the Caucasus region, located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, bordered by Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Georgia occupies a strategic position along the corridor between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

格鲁吉亚位于高加索地区，地处欧亚交界处，与俄罗斯、土耳其、亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆接壤，格鲁吉亚在黑海和里海走廊沿线占据战略位置。

George's diverse landscape ranges from coastal plains along the Black Sea to forested foothills and the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The climate varies from humid, subtropical on the coast to Alpine in the mountains.

从黑海沿岸的海岸平原到森林覆盖的山麓和高加索山脉。气候从潮湿的亚热带海岸到阿尔卑斯山脉各不相同。

The Caucasus Mountains divide Georgia into eastern and western halves with distinct climate patterns. The major geographic regions of Georgia are the western lowlands, feature temperate forests, rolling farmland, viticulture regions, and the harbors of Poti and Batumi. This is the most populated part of Georgia.

高加索山脉将格鲁吉亚分为东部和西部，具有不同的气候模式。格鲁吉亚的主要地理区域是西部低地，以温带森林、起伏的农田、葡萄种植区以及波蒂和巴统的港口为特色。这里是乔治亚州人口最稠密的地区。

The eastern mountains and valleys are more rugged and isolated, home to unique towns and the wine growing region ofCaquettti. High mountain passes connect east and west Georgia. These autonomous republics occupy areas along the Black Sea coast with distinct local cultures. This mountainous region bordering Russia has been at the center of Georgia's territorial disputes and conflict.

东部山区和山谷更加崎岖和孤立，拥有独特的城镇和Caquettti的葡萄酒产区。连接佐治亚州东部和西部的高山通道。这些自治共和国占据着黑海沿岸具有独特地方文化的地区。这个与俄罗斯接壤的山区一直是格鲁吉亚领土争端和冲突的中心。

Georgia's main rivers are the Makvari and Rioni, flowing westward into the Black Sea. The vast majority of rivers originate in the Caucasus Mountains. Notable lakes includeParavani andTabatscuri in the south. The capital, tibilisi, located in the eastern heartland, has over 1 million inhabitants. Other important cities include the Black Sea ports of to me and Poti Kutaisi in west Georgia andTalavi in the winemakingCaquettti region.

格鲁吉亚的主要河流是Makvari和里奥尼河，向西流入黑海。绝大多数河流都发源于高加索山脉。值得注意的湖泊包括南部的Paravani和Tabatscuri。首都第比利斯位于东部中心地带，有超过100万居民。其它重要城市包括我所在的黑海港口、西乔治亚州的Poti Kutaisi和酿酒地区卡凯蒂(Caquettti)的Talavi。

The earliest civilizations emerged in the land of present day Georgia around the 6th century BC, including the kingdoms of cultists and Iberia. These kingdoms were mentioned in Greek mythology and developed distinct local cultures while maintaining ties with the wider Greek world. George's coastline along the Black Sea was an important region for trade and commerce in the ancient era.

公元前6世纪左右，最早的文明出现在今天的格鲁吉亚，包括教徒王国和伊比利亚。这些王国在希腊神话中被提及，并发展了独特的地方文化，同时与更广泛的希腊世界保持联系。乔治沿黑海的海岸线是古代贸易和商业的重要地区。

Georgia adopted Christianity as a state religion in the 4th century ad, giving rise to a distinct Georgian Christian identity. The Bagratione dynasty rose to prominence in the 8th century and would rule Georgia for over a millennium, overseeing a golden age of art, literature and architecture. However, they also faced repeated invasions by the Mongols, Persians and Ottomans throughout the medieval period, leading to instability and warfare.

格鲁吉亚在公元4世纪将基督教作为国教，从而产生了一种独特的格鲁吉亚基督教身份。巴格拉季翁王朝在8世纪崛起，统治了格鲁吉亚一千多年，统治了艺术、文学和建筑的黄金时代。然而，在整个中世纪时期，他们也面临蒙古人、波斯人和奥斯曼人的反复入侵，导致了不稳定和战争。

After a series of wars with the Persian and Ottoman empires, Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century. Though it maintained its Christianity and cultural traditions, it was ruled by Moscow as a Russian province for over a century. Georgia briefly gained independence after the 1917 Russian Revolution, but was invaded by the Red Army and absorbed into the Soviet Union in 1921. As part of the Soviet Union, it underwent industrialization and economic development, but also experienced Stalinist repression.

经过与波斯帝国和奥斯曼帝国的一系列战争，格鲁吉亚在19世纪初被俄罗斯帝国吞并。虽然它保留了基督教和文化传统，但它作为俄罗斯的一个省被莫斯科统治了一个多世纪。格鲁吉亚在1917年俄国革命后短暂获得独立，但在1921年被红军入侵并并入苏联。作为苏联的一部分，它经历了工业化和经济发展，但也经历了斯大林式的镇压。

As the USSR unraveled, Georgia declared independence in 1991 and elected nationalist leaders who sought closer ties with the west. However, post Soviet Georgia faced civil unrest, economic crises and conflict with separatist regions like Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Despite these difficulties, Georgia has transitioned into a fledgling democracy and pursued integration with NATO and the European Union.

随着苏联解体，格鲁吉亚于1991年宣布独立，并选出了寻求与西方建立更紧密联系的民族主义领导人。然而，苏联解体后的格鲁吉亚面临着内乱、经济危机以及与阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯等分离主义地区的冲突。尽管有这些困难，格鲁吉亚已经过渡到一个羽翼未丰的民主政体，并寻求与北约和欧盟一体化。

In the 21st century, George's total population is about 3.7 million people as of 2022, according to World Bank estimates. Ethnically, Georgians make up around 86% of the population. The Georgian people have inhabited the Caucasus region for thousands of years, developing their unique language and Christian traditions. Other ethnic minorities include Azeris, Armenians, Russians and Abkhazians. These groups are concentrated in certain regions of Georgia, particularly near the Russian and Armenian borders. For instance, Armenians largely reside in the province of Samtski Javakesh t.

据世界银行估计，在21世纪，乔治的总人口到2022年约为370万。从种族上看，格鲁吉亚人约占总人口的86% 。格鲁吉亚人民在高加索地区居住了几千年，发展了他们独特的语言和基督教传统。其他少数民族包括阿塞拜疆人、亚美尼亚人、俄罗斯人和阿布哈兹人。这些团体集中在格鲁吉亚的某些地区，特别是靠近俄罗斯和亚美尼亚边界的地区。例如，亚美尼亚人主要居住在 Samtski Javakesh t 省。

Religiously, the vast majority of Georgians belong to the Georgian Orthodox Church. Christianity has defined George's national identity since it adopted the faith in the 4th century ad. The Georgian Orthodox Church retains many ancient traditions and rituals. Other religious groups found here include Muslims, Catholics and Armenian up apostolic Christians. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by George's constitution, though the Orthodox Church retains a privilege status.

宗教上，绝大多数格鲁吉亚人属于格鲁吉亚正教会。基督教自公元4世纪采纳乔治的信仰以来，就界定了他的民族认同。格鲁吉亚正教会保留了许多古老的传统和仪式。在这里发现的其他宗教团体包括穆斯林，天主教徒和亚美尼亚使徒基督徒。乔治的宪法保障宗教自由，尽管东正教会保留特权地位。

In terms of language, Georgian is the sole official language and the mother tongue for around 80% of the population. It is one of the oldest languages in the world. Spoken Georgian is unique to the region with its distinctive alphabet thought to be derived from Aramaic script. Minority languages spoken in Georgia include Azeri, Armenian and Russian. Many Georgians, especially in urban areas, are bilingual and speak Russian as a second language due to George's history within the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, Georgia has transitioned from a centrally planned to a free market economy since gaining independence in 1991.

在语言方面，格鲁吉亚语是唯一的官方语言，约80% 的人口以格鲁吉亚语为母语。它是世界上最古老的语言之一。格鲁吉亚语是该地区特有的语言，其独特的字母被认为源自阿拉姆文字。在格鲁吉亚使用的少数民族语言包括阿塞拜疆语、亚美尼亚语和俄语。许多格鲁吉亚人，尤其是在城市地区的格鲁吉亚人，会说两种语言，并且把俄语作为第二语言。由于乔治在俄罗斯帝国和苏联的历史，格鲁吉亚自1991年获得独立以来，已经从中央计划经济过渡到自由市场经济。

The World Bank estimates its GDP at around $24 billion as of 2022. Key sectors driving economic growth include agriculture, tourism, manufacturing and transportation. Agriculture is a major employer with key exports including wine, citrus fruits and nuts. George's climate allows for both European and subtropical crops. Viticulture in particular is an ancient tradition and Georgian wines are gaining international recognition. Tourism has grown rapidly, showcasing Georges Mountains, Black Sea coastline, food and wine for international visitors. Georgia aims to become a major regional tourism hub.

世界银行估计，到2022年，其国内生产总值约为240亿美元。推动经济增长的关键部门包括农业、旅游业、制造业和运输业。农业是主要出口产业，包括葡萄酒、柑橘类水果和坚果。乔治的气候允许种植欧洲和亚热带作物。葡萄栽培特别是一个古老的传统和格鲁吉亚葡萄酒正在获得国际认可。旅游业发展迅速，向国际游客展示了乔治山脉、黑海海岸线、美食和葡萄酒。格鲁吉亚的目标是成为一个重要的区域旅游中心。

Industry and manufacturing account for around a quarter of GDP. Automobile assembly, mining and hydro power are also growing sectors. However, they still depend on imports for most machinery and high tech products. Transportation infrastructure is improving with George's ports, roads and airports facilitating trade and transit between Europe and Asia. Projects like the Baku Tbilisi cars railway help link them with major economies. George's economic reforms and business friendly policies have attracted foreign investment. Priorities going forward are deeper trade integration, improving education and infrastructure and continuing to deregulate and privatize state owned enterprises.

工业和制造业约占GDP 的四分之一。汽车装配、采矿和水电行业也在增长。然而，大多数机械和高科技产品仍依赖进口。随着乔治的港口、公路和机场为欧洲和亚洲之间的贸易和运输提供便利，交通基础设施正在得到改善。巴库第比利斯汽车铁路等项目有助于将它们与主要经济体联系起来。乔治的经济改革和商业友好政策吸引了外国投资。今后的重点是深化贸易一体化，改善教育和基础设施，继续放松管制和国有企业私有化。

Georgia has a rich artistic tradition strongly shaped by its Christian heritage. Georgian Christian architecture represents a distinctive national style. Major examples include the Javari Monastery and Svetits Kovilli Cathedral from the Middle Ages. Churches are often decorated with stone carvings and feature trademark conical domes and bell towers. Frescoes and mural paintings adorn many Georgian churches and monasteries. The paintings display saints, biblical scenes and depictions of heaven and hell through a colorful, expressive artistic style inspired by Byzantium. Prominent works include the 11th century murals at Labacina Church and the World Heritage frescoes at Ubisea Monastery. Georgia also developed a tradition of enamel jewellery and metalwork, often with Christian motifs. Other examples of Georgian fine art include stone reliefs, vibrant tapestries and manuscripts with calligraphy and illumination.

格鲁吉亚有着丰富的艺术传统，这种传统深受其基督教遗产的影响。格鲁吉亚基督教建筑代表了一种独特的民族风格。主要的例子包括Javari Monastery 和中世纪的斯维特科维利大教堂。教堂经常用石雕和标志性的圆锥形穹顶和钟楼来装饰。许多乔治王时代的教堂和修道院都有壁画和壁画装饰。这些绘画展示了圣徒，圣经场景和描绘的天堂和地狱通过一个丰富多彩的，富有表现力的艺术风格的灵感来自拜占庭。杰出的作品包括11世纪的壁画在拉巴西纳教堂和世界遗产壁画在乌比西亚修道院。格鲁吉亚还发展了传统的珐琅首饰和金属制品，往往与基督教图案。其他格鲁吉亚美术的例子包括石头浮雕，充满活力的挂毯和手稿与书法和照明。

Georgian cuisine is unique and has some interesting flavors, thanks to the country's location along the spice route between Europe and Asia. Here are some dishes you can find in Georgia. First up is kachpuri, which is a traditional Georgian cheese filled bread. The most popular variety is called ajaruli Kachapuri, which is shaped like a boat and has an egg cracked into the middle after it's baked. Next we have gomi. This is a thick stew made with pork, potatoes and beans.

乔治亚饮食是独一无二的，有一些有趣的味道，感谢该国位于欧洲和亚洲之间的香料路线。这里有一些你可以在乔治亚州找到的菜肴。首先是Kachpuri 这是一种传统的乔治亚奶酪夹心面包。最受欢迎的品种叫做 ajaruli Kachapuri，它的形状像一艘船，在烘烤后，鸡蛋会从中间裂开。接下来是五味线。这是一道用猪肉、土豆和豆子做成的浓汤。

It simmered for hours until the beans break down and thicken. The stew. Spices like coriander, Fina, Greek and chili pepper give it a robust flavor. Another Georgian favorite is kinkoli, which are large dumplings stuffed with spiced meat or cheese. The dumpling dough is gathered into a twisted top knot.

它慢炖了几个小时，直到豆子分解变稠。炖菜。香料，如香菜，芬纳，希腊和辣椒给它一个强劲的风味。另一个格鲁吉亚人最喜欢的是Kinkoli，这是一种用香料肉或奶酪填充的大型饺子。饺子面团被收集成一个扭曲的顶部结。

Georgian cuisine has so much more to offer beyond these highlights. Let me know in the comments if you'd like to see more videos exploring dishes from this unique country. If you enjoyed this video on Georgia, you'll love this next one.

除了这些亮点，乔治亚饮食还能提供更多的东西。如果你想收听更多的音频来探索这个独特国家的美食，请在评论中告诉我。