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This is the British Museum.
这是大英博物馆。
It's the world's largest world history museum and it draws millions of visitors every year.
它是世界上最大的世界历史博物馆,每年吸引数百万的游客。
Inside, it holds more than 8 million cultural and historical artifacts from all over the world which cover 2 million years of human history.
里面有来自世界各地的800多万件文化和历史文物,涵盖了200万年的人类历史。
If you follow the museum's recommended list of "Don't Miss" items, you'll see its star pieces.
如果你按照博物馆推荐的“不容错过”的展品清单去做,你会看到它的明星展品。
Like this Easter Island sculpture that's about a thousand years old.
比如这个复活节岛的雕塑,大约有一千年的历史。
Or this bronze sculpture of the Hindu God Shiva.
还有这尊印度教湿婆神的青铜雕像。
But there's a problem hidden in the museum, and we can see an example of it along this route.
但是博物馆里隐藏着一个问题,沿着这条路我们可以看到一个例子。
Out of those 12 pieces, nearly half have disputed ownership.
在这12件作品中,近一半的所有权存在争议。
The British Museum claims those pieces belong there, on display for the world to see.
大英博物馆声称这些文物属于这里,将向全世界展出。
But in recent years, many have been fighting to get them back to where they came from.
但近年来,许多人一直在努力让它们回到原来的地方。
"The list of disputed museum treasures keeps on growing."
“有争议的博物馆珍品名单不断增加。”
"Should cultural artifacts be returned to their home countries or be left in western museums?"
“文物应该归还本国还是留在西方博物馆?“
"The subject of intense debate as to who should now own them."
“激烈辩论的主题是谁应该拥有它们。”
Let's start with some context.
让我们从一些背景开始。
In the late 1600s, the British Empire began expanding across several continents.
17世纪末,大英帝国开始在几个大洲扩张。
It became the largest empire in history, controlling about a quarter of the world's land and population.
它成为历史上最大的帝国,控制着世界上大约四分之一的土地和人口。
During its centuries-long rule, the empire took precious resources and wealth from countries all around the world, including thousands of cultural and historical artifacts.
在长达几个世纪的统治中,帝国从世界各国攫取了宝贵的资源和财富,包括成千上万的文化和历史文物。
Many of which ended up here, in the British Museum which was founded in 1753 and kept growing to accommodate all the new pieces in its collection.
其中许多都在这里,成立于1753年的大英博物馆,它并不断发展,以容纳所有的新藏品。
Lots of the items in the museum were legally acquired and are completely undisputed, like this one.
博物馆里的许多物品都是合法获得的,完全没有争议,就像这件一样。
A 2,000 year old roman vase sold to the museum by a Duke in 1945.
一个2000年前的罗马花瓶在1945年被一位公爵卖给了博物馆。
The problem is with the pieces that are disputed.
问题在于有争议的这些。
Like the first item you see as soon as you walk in.
就像你一进门就看到的第一件东西。
The Rosetta Stone, taken by British troops from the French in what is now Egypt.
罗塞塔石碑是英国军队从法国人手中是现在的埃及夺取的。
Or further in, the Parthenon Sculptures.
再往里走,是帕台农神庙雕塑。
Removed from the acropolis in Athens by a British Lord, and sent to the British Museum.
被一位英国勋爵从雅典卫城带走,送到大英博物馆。
Or, over here.
或者,这边。
On the floor dedicated to African Art.
在非洲展馆的地面。
The Benin Bronzes.
贝宁铜像。
Some of the most contentious items in the museum.
这些事博物馆里一些最有争议的展品。
The Benin Bronzes are kind of hard to categorize, because they include such a huge range of items.
贝宁青铜器很难分类,因为它们包含了如此多的物品。
From engraved ivory tusks to brass sculptures to plaques.
从雕刻的象牙到黄铜雕塑再到牌匾。
But they were all produced here, in the Kingdom of Benin in present-day Nigeria.
但它们都是在贝宁王国生产的,也就是今天的尼日利亚。
This wealthy and industrious kingdom produced thousands of objects and art pieces starting in the 1500s.
从16世纪开始,这个富有而勤劳的王国生产了成千上万件物品和艺术品。
A lot of the items adorned palace walls and were used for religious rituals.
许多物品装饰宫殿墙壁被用于宗教仪式。
But they weren't just decorative...
但它们不仅仅是装饰……
They were visual archives of the kingdom in a society that did not develop written script as we know them.
它们是一个没有我们所熟知的书面文字的社会里王国的视觉档案。
That's Professor Chika Okeke-Agulu, an art historian and professor from Nigeria who teaches at Princeton University.
这位是奇卡·奥克-阿古鲁教授,他是一位艺术史学家,来自尼日利亚,在普林斯顿大学任教。
They told their history, how they narrated the histories of kingship of the kingdom. its political and social life.
他们讲述他们的历史,讲述王国的王权历史的方式,政治和社会生活。
But in 1897 would lose thousands of these cultural pieces.
但在1897年却失去了数千件这样的文物。
At the time, European colonial powers were expanding south, in what was called the "Scramble for Africa".
当时,欧洲殖民势力正在向南扩张,这就是所谓的“争夺非洲”。
They split up the continent into spheres of influence for financial exploitation.
他们把非洲大陆分成势力范围进行金融剥削。
All these pink areas were the British ones.
这些粉红色的区域都是英国的领土。
Benin, over here, was in Britain's sphere of influence.
贝宁在英国的势力范围内。
But the kingdom didn't comply with Britain's trade demands.
但是王国没有遵从英国的贸易要求。
And in January of 1897 it led to what was called the Benin Disaster, where Benin guards killed seven British emissaries, plus their many guides and servants.
1897年1月,它导致了所谓的贝宁灾难。贝宁卫兵杀死了7名英国使者,还有他们的许多向导和仆人。
In response 1,200 British troops embarked on a mission called the "Benin Punitive Expedition".
作为回应,1200名英国士兵开始了一项名为“贝宁惩罚性远征”的任务。
The British wanted revenge, but the mission was about more than just that.
英国人想要报复,但这次任务的意义不止于此。
There were reports of these vast treasures in the palace of the king of Benin, and that if they could retrieve these treasures, sales from it could offset the cost of the invasion.
有报道说贝宁国王的宫殿里有这些巨大的宝藏,如果他们能找回这些宝藏,其销售额就能抵消入侵的成本。
This was all well planned.
这一切都是精心策划的。
And so the punitive expedition, in other words, was also an economic enterprise.
因此,惩罚性的远征,换句话说,也是一项经济事业。
The British soldiers armed with machine guns conquered the city and burned it to the ground.
装备着机枪的英国士兵占领了这座城市并将其夷为平地。
But not before carefully taking thousands of artifacts.
但在此之前要小心翼翼地取出数千件文物。
They piled them up neatly, photographed them and even labeled them "loot".
他们把它们整齐地堆起来,给它们拍照,甚至给它们贴上“战利品”的标签。
This photo, taken at the Benin palace after the raid, shows soldiers with the dismantled plaques that were brought to the British Museum, and sold all over the world.
这张照片是突袭后在贝宁宫殿拍摄的,士兵们拿着被拆下的牌匾,这些牌匾被带到大英博物馆,并销往世界各地。
And after hundreds of years, the once prosperous kingdom was gone.
几百年后,这个曾经繁荣的王国消失了。
The region fell under full British colonial control until 1960, when Nigeria,including the City of Benin, gained independence.
该地区一直处于英国的殖民统治之下,直到1960年,尼日利亚包括贝宁市,获得了独立。
But even though they were finally free, their historical artifacts were still spread all over the world.
但即使他们最终获得了自由,他们的历史文物仍然散布在世界各地。
Locked up in western institutions, like the Leipzig Museum of Ethnology in Germany and the Quai Branly Museum in Paris.
被关在西方的机构里,比如德国的莱比锡民族学博物馆和巴黎的布朗利码头博物馆。
And, of course, the British Museum.
当然还有大英博物馆。
1995. In London.
1995年,在伦敦。
That was my first time seeing an original ancient Benin artwork.
那是我第一次看到贝宁古代艺术品的原作。
Yes.
是的。
At the British Museum.
在大英博物馆。
Being in the presence of these magnificent objects and knowing that I had to travel all the way from Nigeria to see these objects for the first time...
在这些宏伟的物品面前,我知道我必须从尼日利亚远道而来,才能第一次看到这些物品……
It was a mixture of pride at the achievement of these ancient artists, and anger, mixed with a sense of loss, at what could have been if I only had to travel a few hundred miles.
这是一种混杂情绪,有对这些古代艺术家的成就感到骄傲的情绪,也有愤怒,还有怅然若失的心情,想象着如果我只需要在家乡几百英里范围内就能欣赏这些文物该有多好。
But at this point, you're limited to those privileged like me who could get a visa to travel all the way from Nigeria to England to encounter these objects.
但在这一点上,也仅限于那些像我一样有特权的人,才能获得签证,从尼日利亚到英国远道旅行,去欣赏这些东西。
Most Nigerians will never see them.
大多数尼日利亚人将永远看不到它们。
In March 2000, Benin's royal family tried to change that.
2000年3月,贝宁王室试图改变这种状况。
They officially requested "all cultural property illegally taken be returned to the rightful owner".
他们正式要求“所有非法掠夺的文化财产归还给合法的主人”。
But for the most part the British Museum has ignored any requests.
但大英博物馆在很大程度上忽视了任何要求。
The museum is restricted by a government act that prevents it from returning objects.
博物馆受到一项政府法令的限制,禁止归还文物。
But it has also made its stance clear.
但它也表明了自己的立场。
In July of 2020, the British Museum told Vox: "We don't restitute but we are absolutely committed to lending as widely as possible, including to Nigeria.
2020年7月,大英博物馆告诉Vox:“我们不会赔付,但我们绝对致力于尽可能广泛地出借文物,包括去尼日利亚。
The Museum's foundational value resides in its breadth,scale, complexity, and unity and as such is a true library of the world.
博物馆的基本价值在于它的广度,规模、复杂性和统一性,因此是一座真正的世界图书馆。
Chika doesn't see it that way.
奇卡可不这么看。
The British Museum still behaves like a colonial museum.
大英博物馆仍然像一个殖民时期的博物馆。
You cannot claim to be an encyclopedic collector of stolen objects.
你不能声称自己是收集赃物的百科全书式的收藏家。
But some are starting to reckon with this history.
但有些人开始正视这段历史。
In 2014, the grandson of this British soldier from the 1897 Benin Expedition, returned these two items he inherited to the Benin royal family.
2014年,1897年贝宁远征的英国士兵的孙子,将他继承的这两件物品归还给贝宁王室。
And in 2007, the Benin Dialogue Group was formed.
2007年,贝宁对话小组成立。
Western museums and the Nigerian government have been discussing solutions ever since.
从那以后,西方博物馆和尼日利亚政府代表一直在讨论解决方案。
But as of today, none of their Benin Bronzes have been returned.
但到今天为止,他们的贝宁青铜器一件也没有归还。
But this is just one story.
但这只是一个故事。
This legacy is bigger than the Benin Bronzes.
这一遗产比贝宁青铜器更重要。
There are hundreds of similarly contested objects in the British Museum, with their own rich histories — and with original owners trying to retrieve them.
大英博物馆里有数百件类似的有争议的物品,它们有着丰富的历史,而且它们的原主也在试图找回它们。
But the problem is even bigger than the British Museum.
但问题比大英博物馆更严重。
It's a legacy of centuries of colonial power that repeats itself again and again. with different artifacts, in different museums.
这是几个世纪以来不断出现殖民势力遗产的体现,在不同的文物,在不同的博物馆。
Because these requests aren't just about items, they are also about cultural and historical identity and who gets to own it.
因为这些要求不仅仅是关于物品,它们也关系到文化和历史身份以及谁拥有它。
This is a long term project.
这是一个长期的项目。
It may last beyond my own lifetime.
它可能会持续一辈子。
But the point is that it's now to start that process.
但关键是过程应该开始了。
We cannot wait any longer for a next generation to even begin the necessary task and project of cultural reconstitution.
我们不能再等待下一代去进行必要的文化重建任务和计划了。
挺好的
拍的好!出奇的好!
拍的真实,真实到落泪!