9月8日午间英语新闻：研究发现：屏幕时间与幼儿期发育迟缓有关

>Screen time linked with developmental delays in toddlers, study finds

研究发现：屏幕时间与幼儿期发育迟缓有关

Handing your baby a phone or tablet to play with may seem like a harmless solution when you’re busy, but it could quickly affect their development, a new study has found.

一项新的研究发现，在人们忙碌的时候，给宝宝一部手机或平板电脑让他玩似乎是一个无害的解决方案，但这可能会很快影响他们的发育。

Having anywhere from one to four hours of screen time per day at age 1 is linked with higher risks of developmental delays in communication, fine motor, problem-solving and personal and social skills by age 2, according to a study of 7,097 children published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.

根据周一（8月21日）发表在《美国医学会儿科学》杂志上的一项对7097名儿童的研究，1岁时每天有一到四小时的屏幕时间，与2岁时在沟通、精细动作、解决问题以及个人和社交技能方面发育迟缓的风险较高有关。

“It’s a really important study because it has a very large sample size of children who’ve been followed for several years,” said Dr. Jason Nagata, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn’t involved in the study.

加州大学旧金山分校儿科副教授杰森-永田博士说："这是一项非常重要的研究，因为它有一个非常大的样本量，对儿童进行了数年的跟踪调查。”

The study measured how many hours children used screens per day at age 1 and how they performed in several developmental domains — communication skills, fine motor skills, personal and social skills, and problem-solving skills — at ages 2 and 4. Both measures were according to the mothers’ self-reports.

这项研究测量了儿童在 1 岁时每天使用屏幕的时间，以及他们在 2 岁和 4 岁时在几个发育领域（沟通技能、精细动作技能、个人和社交技能以及解决问题的技能）的表现。这两项测量都是根据母亲的自我报告进行的。

By age 2, those who had had up to four hours of screen time per day were up to three times more likely to experience developmental delays in communication and problem-solving skills.

到2岁时，每天使用屏幕时间多达四小时的儿童在沟通和解决问题能力方面出现发育迟缓的可能性要高出三倍。

Those who had spent four or more hours with screens were 4.78 times more likely to have underdeveloped communication skills, 1.74 times more likely to have subpar fine motor skills and two times more likely to have underdeveloped personal and social skills by age 2. By age 4, risk remained only in the communication and problem-solving categories.

那些与屏幕接触四小时或更多的儿童，到2岁时，其沟通能力发育不足的可能性要高出 4.78 倍，精细动作能力不足的可能性要高出 1.74 倍，个人和社交能力发育不足的可能性要高出两倍。到 4 岁时，风险只存在于沟通和解决问题方面。

“One of the areas that’s relatively understudied in the whole screen time literature is looking at impacts of screen exposure on very young kids, especially when screens are introduced to babies,” said Dr. John Hutton, associate professor of general and community pediatrics at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, who wasn’t involved in the study. “It’s definitely a global concern, and I think the findings should apply to, really, other countries as well.”

辛辛那提儿童医院医学中心普通和社区儿科副教授约翰•赫顿博士说："在整个屏幕时间文献中，研究相对不足的领域之一是屏幕暴露对年幼儿童的影响，尤其是当屏幕被给到婴儿时。"这绝对是一个全球关注的问题，我认为（这里的）研究结果应该也适用于其他国家。”

The potential harms of screen time on communication skills may have to do with children being robbed of drivers for language development, Hutton said.

赫顿说，屏幕时间对沟通技能的潜在危害可能与儿童被剥夺了语言发展的动力有关。

“Kids learn how to talk if they’re encouraged to talk, and very often, if they’re just watching a screen, they’re not having an opportunity to practice talking,” he said. “They may hear a lot of words, but they’re not practicing saying a lot of words or having a lot of that back-and-forth interaction.”

他说："如果孩子们被鼓励说话，他们就会学会如何说话，而很多时候，如果他们只是在看屏幕，他们就没有机会练习说话。" 他们可能会听到很多单词，但他们并没有练习说很多单词或进行很多来回互动。

Technology use can take time away from interpersonal relationships that nurture social skills since real people are more multidimensional than characters on a screen, Hutton added. Looking at people’s faces is when our brains turn on to figure out how to interact with them.

赫顿补充说，科技的使用会占用培养社交能力的人际关系的时间，因为真人比屏幕上的人物更加多面。看着别人的脸，我们的大脑就会开始思考如何与他们互动。

“Longer term, one of the real goals is for kids just to be able to sit quietly in their own thoughts,” Hutton said.

赫顿说："从长远来看，真正的目标之一是让孩子们能够安静地沉浸在自己的思考中。" 

There are other factors that can affect a child’s development, such as genetics, adverse experiences such as neglect or abuse, and socioeconomic factors, Nagata said.

永田说，还有其他一些因素会影响儿童的发展，如遗传、被忽视或被虐待等不良经历以及社会经济因素。

In the latest research, mothers of children with high levels of screen time were more likely to be younger, have never given birth before, have a lower household income, have a lower education level and have postpartum depression.

在最新的研究中，屏幕时间较多的儿童的母亲更有可能更年轻、以前从未生育过、家庭收入较低、受教育程度较低以及患有产后抑郁症。

> Privacy a big issue as major automakers sell consumers' personal data

注意：你的汽车正在搜集并出售你的信息

Most major automakers admit they may sell consumers' personal information, and half say they share it with the government or law enforcement without a court order, according to a new survey released Wednesday by the nonprofit Mozilla Foundation.

当地时间6日 美国非营利机枃谋智基金会发布的一份最新调查显示，大多数主流汽车制造商承认它们可能会出售消费者的个人信息。此外一半的汽车制造商表示，他们会在没有法院命令的情况下与政府或执法部门分享这些信息。

A survey of the world's top 25 car companies, including Tesla, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, Mercedes, and Audi, found that not a single company met Mozilla's minimum privacy standards. 

谋智对世界25家主流汽车公司进行了调查，这些公司包括特斯拉、日产、现代、通用、奔驰、奥迪等等。结果显示，没有一家公司能达到谋智的最低隐私标准。

Mozilla has been studying data privacy in more than a dozen product categories since 2017, including fitness trackers, smart speakers and other connected home appliances, with cars scoring the lowest on privacy.

谅智自2017年以来一直在研究十几个产品类别的振数隐私情况，其中包括健身追踪器，智能扬声器和其它联网家用电器汽车在隐私方面得分最低。

Mozilla said there are microphones in the cars, and people have all sorts of sensitive conversations there. The car also has inward and outward cameras and various digital control consoles. 

调查称，汽车里有麦克风，人们在车里进行各种敏感的对话。车上还有向内和向外的摄像头、各种数字化的控制台等。

Consumers have little or no control over what personal information is collected by their vehicles and to whom it is sold. Given the vulnerability of car manufacturers to hackers, data security in cars is a big concern.

消费者很少或根本无法控制他们的车辆会收集什么个人信息，以及这些信息会被出售给谁。考虑到汽车制造商易受黑客玫击的情況，汽车的数据安全问题令人十分担忧。