The story of ancient Rome is a story of evolution, of how a civilization's ability to adapt and dominate can lead to its survival for over 1,000 years.
古罗马的故事就是一部文明演化史,文化在调整和统治中续存历经一千多年。
Rome began as a small village on central Italy's Tiber River.
起初,罗马是意大利中部台伯河旁的小村庄。
In the coming centuries, it grew into an empire that stretched from the north Atlantic all the way to the Persian Gulf.
在接下来的几个世纪里,它发展成了一个帝国,从北大西洋一直延伸到波斯湾。
During this transformation, Rome displayed a political, military, and cultural prowess that enabled it to become a super power and helped shape what would become known as western civilization.
在这一转变过程中,罗马展现了政治、军事和文化方面的实力,凭借这些实力,罗马成为一个超级大国,并帮助塑造了所谓的“西方文明”。
The lifespan of ancient Rome can be divided into three major periods, the regal, the republican, and the imperial.
古罗马主要分为三个时期:王政、共和国和帝国。
During the regal period, Rome was monarchical and ruled by a succession of about seven kings. Rome's first king, according to legend, was a man named Romulus.
王政时代,罗马是君主政体,先后由大约七位国王统治。、传说中,罗马的第一位国王名叫罗幕路斯。
He and his twin brother Remus are said to have founded Rome in 753 B.C. In 509 B.C., Rome adopted a republican system of governance in which the state was primarily ruled by two annually representatives called praetors, who were later called consuls.
据说,他的孪生兄弟雷穆斯于公元前753年建立了罗马,公元前509年罗马采用共和政体,国家主要由每年选举产生的两位代表统治,即裁判官(后被称为执政官)。
One of them become a famous general and dictator, Julius Caesar.
其中一位成为了著名的军事统帅、独裁者——尤利乌斯·凯撒。
The imperial period followed.
帝国时代随之而来。
It was characterized by the rise of the Roman Empire and notorious leaders such as Octavian, Rome's first emperor, who issued in an era of peace, and Nero, who, some scholars believe, was Rome's cruelest emperor.
其特点是罗马帝国的崛起和著名的领导者,比如罗马第一位皇帝屋大维,他开创了一个和平时代。还有尼禄,一些学者认为他是罗马最残忍的皇帝。
Rome's focus and pride in its military was vital to the civilization's growth, and this ethos was evident as early as the regal period when Rome was only a small village.
罗马专注于军事,并引以为豪,这对罗马文明的发展至关重要,而且早在王政时代,这种民族精神就已经很明显,当时罗马还只是一个小村庄。
Still, Rome slowly conquered and annexed neighboring peoples.
尽管如此,罗马还是慢慢地征服并吞并了邻近的民族。
This slow and steady expansion eventually lead to the Romans' domination of the Italian peninsula and the entire Mediterranean Sea, where they conquered the Greeks, Egyptians, and Carthaginians.
通过这种缓慢而稳定的扩张,罗马人最终控制了意大利半岛和整个地中海,他们征服了希腊人、埃及人和迦太基人。
Military conquests would later help Rome conquer lands as far away as Britain and Iraq.
之后,罗马凭借军事力量,征服了远至应该鹅伊拉克的土地。
This massive scale and growing populous necessitated advancements in Roman engineering.
帝国规模庞大,人口不断增加,需要罗马工程进一步发展。
Aqueducts were constructed, which increased the public's access to water, helped improve public health, and paved the way for Rome's famed bathhouses.
罗马修建了引水渠,为公众获取水源提供便利,有助于改善公共卫生,并为修建著名的罗马浴场做好准备。
A 50,000-mile-long road system was built as well.
罗马还修建了50000英里的道理系统。
While made originally for the military, it facilitated the movement of people and ideas throughout the empire.
虽然最初是为军队铺设的,但是这些道路促进了人口和思想在整个帝国内流动。
This transmission of ideas and increased contact with diverse cultures also enabled other aspects of Roman culture to evolve.
思想传播、增加于不同文化的接触,也让罗马文化的其他方面有所发展。
A key to Rome's success and longevity was the empire's inclusion of cultures from the lands they conquered.
罗马成功和长寿的关键在于帝国融合了所征服的土地上的文化。
From the nearby land of Latium, Rome acquired the Latin language, which became the empire's official language and the ancestor to Europe's Romance languages.
从附近的拉丁姆,罗马获得了拉丁语,拉丁语成为帝国的官方语言和欧洲罗曼语族的祖先。
Romans also adopted cultural aspects from the ancient state of Etruria, including their religion, alphabet, and the spectacle of gladiator combat.
罗马还吸收了古代伊特鲁里亚王国的文化元素,包括他们的宗族、字母和壮观的角斗士搏斗。
However, no other civilization influenced the Romans as much as the ancient Greeks.
然而,没有其他任何文明,像希腊文明一样,对罗马人产生巨大影响。
Their influence is probably most apparent in Rome's art and architecture.
这些影响在罗马的艺术和建筑上明显。
Upper-class Romans commissioned paintings and sculptures to imitate Greek art.
上层阶级的罗马人委托制作化作和雕塑,模仿希腊艺术。
Greek architectural styles, such as columns, were implemented in Roman structures such as the Pantheon and Colosseum.
希腊建筑风格,比如圆柱,也体现在罗马建筑中,比如万神殿和斗兽场。
One cultural shift in particular that resonated throughout the empire was the rise of Christianity.
有一个文化转变在整个帝国引起了共鸣,那就是基督教的崛起。
Originating in the Middle East, the religion found a strong advocate in Constantine I, the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
基督教起源于中东地区,君士坦丁一世是这个宗教坚定的拥护者。也是是一个皈依基督教的罗马皇帝。
He enabled Rome's transition into a Christian state and encouraged the religion to spread across Europe.
他促成了罗马向基督教国家转变,鼓励基督教在欧洲传播。
By the fourth century, after a lifespan of over a millennium, the Roman Empire declined.
公元4世纪,在经历了一千年后,罗马帝国开始走下坡路。
Factors including political corruption, economic crises, and class conflict led to the empire's decay from within while invasions and other military threats caused it to break down from outside.
包括政治腐败、经济危机和阶级矛盾等因素,导致帝国从内部衰败,而外族入侵和其他军事威胁导致帝国从外部崩塌。
Rome's ability to incorporate diverse cultures, dominate rivals, and adapt political systems to the needs of its people are all lessons to be learned for time eternal.
融合多元文化、统治竞争对手,根据人们的需求调整政治体系的能力,是罗马留给人类永远的经验教训。
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