7月7日午间英语新闻：能砸核桃、砸砖头，俄罗斯大列巴为啥这么硬？

What is Russian rye bread, and is it nutritious?
能砸核桃、砸砖头……俄罗斯大列巴为啥这么硬？

Most Russian rye breads are made from rye sourdough starters, which gives them that tangy flavor, and dark rye or pumpernickel (whole grain rye) flour, which gives both the typical flavor and the dark color. They tend to be dense and chewy because the protein in rye is not as strong as the gluten in wheat flour.

大多数俄罗斯黑麦面包（列巴）是用黑麦酸面团制作的，这使它们具有浓郁的味道。使用黑麦或粗麦（全粒黑麦）面粉会使面包具有标志性的味道和深色。由于黑麦中的蛋白质不如小麦面粉中的麸质强，所以黑麦面包往往具有密度大、耐嚼的特征。

You can serve Russian black bread with butter, cheese, or any other topping you like. It has a rich flavor, so many people prefer to eat it with as few additions as possible. It is excellent when served with pasta, soup, or any meat you choose.
黄油、奶酪或任何你喜欢的其他配料都可以用来食用俄罗斯黑面包（列巴）。因为面包本身味道浓郁，所以很多人喜欢不搭配太多辅料，品尝面包原有的风味。与意大利面、汤或其他任何肉类一起食用时，效果也非常好。

In times of trouble, Russian black bread has literally meant the difference between starvation and life itself. During the Nazi siege of Leningrad, residents ate black bread with hardly little else for almost three and a half years – and survived. In times of plenty and celebration, Russian black bread is a symbol of wealth and health.
在困难时期，俄罗斯黑面包实际上意味摆脱饥饿、获得生存。在纳粹围攻列宁格勒期间，居民们在近三年半的时间里几乎只吃黑面包和其他东西，最终存活了下来。在生活富足以及节庆时期，俄罗斯黑面包是财富和健康的象征。

Under the Belt and Road Initiative, the China-Russia agriculture cooperation has been strengthened. In the past 10 years, the compound annual growth rate of Chinese imports of agricultural products from Russia was 10.7 percent, which is higher than the growth rate of overall bilateral trade, according to the China Chamber of Commerce of Import & Export of Foodstuffs, Native Produce & Animal By-Products, or CFNA.
在“一带一路”倡议下，中俄农业合作也不断深化。根据中国食品土畜进出口商会的数据，在过去10年里，中国从俄罗斯进口农产品的年复合增长率为10.7%，高于整体双边贸易的增长率。

Products such as meat, soybean and wheat have the potential to grow in terms of bilateral trade, industry insiders said. Although imports of Russian beef products to China started relatively later compared with other countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Argentina, China has become the largest market for Russian beef products.
业内人士说，肉类、大豆和小麦等产品在推动中俄贸易方面仍有增长潜力。尽管与澳大利亚、巴西和阿根廷等其他国家相比，俄罗斯牛肉产品对中国的进口起步相对较晚，但中国已成为俄罗斯牛肉产品的最大市场。

Russian beef first entered the Chinese market in 2021, and by 2022, Russia’s beef exports to China increased by 235.7 percent. As Brazil, Argentina and Australia are seeing a decrease in their export volume of beef, there will be an increase in China-Russia meat trade volume in the next five years.
从2021年开始俄罗斯首批牛肉进入中国市场，到2022年牛肉出口量增长了235.7%。随着澳大利亚，巴西、阿根廷相继削减了牛肉出口量后，俄罗斯对华出口的牛肉崭露头角。并且根据专家预测，这一趋势至少在未来5年里仍将呈上升状态。

Apart from meat, the Sino-Russian soybean industry trade is also growing rapidly. China imports around 100 million tons of soybeans every year, mostly genetically modified, or GM, varieties from the Americas, which can only be used for making edible oil and animal feed.
除肉类贸易外，中俄大豆贸易也在快速增长。中国每年进口约1亿吨大豆，大部分是来自美洲的转基因品种，只能用于制造食用油和动物饲料。

“Soybeans from Russia are of non-GM variety, and they can be used for human consumption,” said Cao Derong, chairman of CFNA, noting the huge demand for non-GM soybeans in the Chinese market.
中国食品土畜进出口商会会长曹德荣指出中国市场对非转基因大豆有很大的需求，而来自俄罗斯的大豆就属于非转基因品种，可以用于食用。

重点词汇
1、Russian rye bread
俄罗斯大列巴面包

2、sourdough
英/ ˈsaʊədəʊ / 美/ ˈsaʊərdoʊ /
n. 酵母；拓荒者

3、chewy
英/ ˈtʃuːi /  美/ ˈtʃuːi /
adj. 柔软而会黏着的；难嚼的；有嚼劲的

4、non-GM
非转基因

Covid pandemic linked to surge in child and teen diabetes
疫情期间确诊糖尿病的未成年患者人数大增

There has been an unusual rise in the number of children and teenagers around the world diagnosed with type 1 diabetes since Covid, researchers say.
研究人员称，自新冠疫情发生以来，世界各地确诊1型糖尿病的儿童和青少年人数大增，这一现象很反常。

A new study in the JAMA Network Open journal has collated available data from different countries on more than 38,000 young people diagnosed during the pandemic. The authors describe the increase in cases of diabetes as "substantial".
发表在《美国医学会杂志·网络开放》上的一项新研究从不同国家收集整理了超3.8万名在疫情期间确诊1型糖尿病的未成年患者的可用数据。研究作者称，患上1型糖尿病的未成年人数量“大幅”增加。

Before the pandemic, the incidence rate of childhood type 1 diabetes was already increasing - by about 3% a year.
在疫情前，1型糖尿病的儿童发病率已经在上升，每年增幅约为3%。

The recent study found there was a 14% rise in the rate during the first year of the pandemic, compared to before Covid; in the second year of Covid, the rate was up about 27% over pre-pandemic levels.
这项新研究发现：疫情第一年1型糖尿病的儿童发病率相比疫情前上升了14%；疫情第二年，发病率相比疫情前上升了27%左右。

People with the condition have to closely monitor their blood sugar level and take insulin to control it because their body cannot do this automatically. That is because insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are mistakenly destroyed by the body's immune system. It occurs in children and adults, but the causes are not fully known, and there is currently no cure.
1型糖尿病患者必须密切监测血糖水平，并注射胰岛素来控制血糖水平，因为他们的身体无法自主调节。这是因为患者体内的免疫系统误把胰腺中生成胰岛素的细胞消灭掉了。儿童和成年人都可能患上1型糖尿病，但是原因尚不完全清楚，目前也没有疗愈的办法。

Some scientists believe it is possible that lockdowns and physical distancing during Covid meant many children did not get sufficient exposure to germs and missed out on this additional protection.
一些科学家认为，这可能是因为疫情期间的封锁和隔离导致许多孩子没有充分接触细菌，从而失去了细菌带来的额外保护力。

Hilary Nathan, policy director at type 1 diabetes charity JDRFUK, urged people to look out for the symptoms of type 1 diabetes: tiredness, thirst, needing to urinate more often, and weight loss or increasing thinness. "Knowing these signs and getting an early diagnosis and swift treatment can be life-saving," she said.
英国青少年糖尿病研究基金会（研究1型糖尿病的慈善机构）的政策主管希拉里·内森敦促人们注意1型糖尿病的症状：疲倦、口渴、排尿频率增加、体重下降或日渐消瘦。她说：“了解这些信号，早诊断早治疗可以挽救孩子的生命。”

重点词汇
1、diabetes
英/ ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz /  美/ ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz /
n. 糖尿病，多尿症

2、 symptom
英/ ˈsɪmptəm /  美/ ˈsɪmptəm /
n. （医） 症状；（大问题的）迹象，征兆，征候