什么是黑暗人格三联征
Have you ever heard of the dark triad of personalities? Well, what is the dark triad? And how is it discovered?
大家有没有听过黑暗人格三联征？什么是黑暗人格联征？它是怎么被发现的？
So, the dark triad is three overlapping yet distinct personalities.Subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism.
黑暗三联征是三种重合但又截然不同的人格：亚临床自恋、亚临床精神障碍以及马基雅维里主义。
by subclinical, we mean that someone might show the traits of a narcissist or psychopath,
亚临床指的是，某人可能表现出了自恋或精神病患者的特制，
but they're not severe enough to be diagnosed as a disorder.
但还没有严重到可以被诊断为疾病的程度。
In 2002, Delroy L Paulhus and Kevin M Williams, at the University of British Columbia,
2002年，英属哥伦比亚大学的Delroy L Paulhus 和Kevin M Wiliams
did a study on whether these three personalities were identical
做了一项研究，通过将黑暗三联征的三种人格特质
by comparing the three personality traits of the dark triad with three other psychological aspects.
与三种其他心理方面进行比较，看看这三种人格是否是相同的。
They found that the correlation patterns were very different
他们发现相关模式非常不同，
and concluded that psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism were indeed distinct. So, what's the difference?
并总结到，精神障碍、自恋和马基雅维里主义确实是不同的。那么有什么区别呢？
Narcissists tend to have a large sense of self as they feel entitled and superior to those around them.
自恋者往往有很强的自我意识，因为他们觉得自己比周国的人更优越。
Machiavellianism, on the other hand, tends to be more manipulative and selfish.
而马基雅维里主义控制欲更强且更自私。
And, psychopaths are more insensitive as they lack empathy for others and act without thinking.
精神病患者更麻木，因为他们缺乏同理心，且行为不加思考。
They are all associated with varying degrees of deception, questionable morals and self-interest.©
他们都和不同程度的欺骗、道德问题和自我利益有关。
But what they do have in common is disagreeableness.
但他们都有一个共同点，即与人不善。
It's also thought that there is a relatively high genetic component to all three personality traits.
人们还认为，这三种人格特征都有相对较高的遗传成分。
Interestingly, psychopathy and Machiavellianism are more closely relatedto each other than narcissism.
有趣的是，精神障碍和马基雅维里主义之间的关系比自恋更密切。
Possibly because narcissism is the only one that can grow from a feeling of insecurity. What about sociopaths?
可能是因为自恋是唯一能从不安全感中衍生出来的。那反社会者呢？
It's easy to confuse psychopaths and sociopaths, so you might be wondering: Why aren't sociopaths included in this list?
很容易混淆精神病患者和反社会者，所以你们可能会想：为什么反社会者没有被包含其中呢？
Both are listed as antisocial personality disorders in severe forms and both share a lack of moral judgment and lack of empathy.
两者都被列为严重形式的反社会人格障碍，两者都是缺乏道德判断和同情心。
There are however a few things that distinguish the two.
但这两者之间有一些区别。
Psychopaths are likely to be pathological liars and they rarely feel guiltsince they do whatever they have to to benefit themselves.
精神病患者可能是病态的说谎者，他们很少感到内疚，因为他们会做一切对自己有利的事情。
They're known to be fearless and often good at mimicking behaviors to hide their psychopathic traits.
众所周知，他们无所畏惧，经常善于模仿行为来隐藏他们的精神病特质。
Sociopaths on the other hand tend to have a conscience even if it's weak.
而反社会者往往有良知，即使良知微弱。
Although they are self-centered, they do care for others more than Psychopaths.
虽然他们都是以自我为中心，但他们确实比精神病患者更关心他人
They're also less skilled at hiding their behavior and act in ways that make self-indulgence and lack of empathy more obvious.
他们也不擅长隐藏自己的行为，他们的行为方式让自我放纵，且同理心的缺乏更明显。
Although it's unclear as to why sociopaths are not included in the list,
虽然不清楚为什么反社会者没有被列入名单中，
it could be due to how environmental factors are more influential to the cause of sociopathy than genetics.
这可能是因为环境因素比遗传因素对反社会人格的成因更有影响。
How does someone with one or more of these traits act
那么,患有一种或多种此类特质的人，他们的行为是怎么样的呢？
According to a 10-year review study, members of the dark triad have similar behaviors in a variety of social settings.
根据一项10年回顾性研究，黑暗三联征患者在各种社会环境中都有类似的行为。
In the workplace, for example, they're likely to fit the trope of an entitled boss or leader who is able to charm their way to the top,
例如，在工作场合，他们很可能符合有资历的老板或领导的形象，能够借助魅力爬到顶层，
but not make genuine connections with the people around them. In education, cheating and plagiarism are predictable.
但无法与周围的人建立真诚的联系。教育领域，作弊和剽窃是可以预见的。
This is more associated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism.
这和精神障碍以及马基雅维里主义更相关。
Other than their displays of social entitlement, their behaviors differ more when it comes to interacting with others.
除了表现出社会优越感之外，当涉及与人交往时，他们的行为也更加不同。
Psychopaths tend to give negative first impressions, as they want to appear to be intimidating.
精神病患者倾向于给人消极的第一印象，因为他们想让人觉得他们令人生畏。
They also have an uncanny ability to mimic the behavior of those around them to blend in.
他们还具备一种可怕的能力，能够模仿周围人的行为以混入其中。
People with Machiavellianism along with Psychopaths tend to come off quite cynical and morally suspicious.
患有马基雅维利主义和精神障碍的人往往表现出相当的愤世嫉俗和道德上的怀疑。
Narcissists interestingly have a skewed sense of self and tend to view themselves as far better leaders.
有趣的是，自恋者有一种扭曲的自我意识，常常认为自己
and far more empathetic than they actually come off as. Where do we go from here?
比实际更优秀，更有同情心。我们将走向何方？
As you've seen, recent research has made it possible to distinguish between the dark triad of personality.
正如你所看到的，最近的研究使得区分 黑暗三联征成为可能。
But what does it mean moving forward? Researchers have started to look into the function of the dark triad in the business world.
但向前进意味着什么？研究人员已经开始研究黑暗三联征在商业世界中的作用。
How these personality traits relate to the ability to maximize profits?
这些特质与利益最大化的能力有和关联？
Psychiatrists have also looked at how the dark triad are more vulnerable to addiction disorders.
精神病学家也研究了黑暗三联征会如何更容易受到成瘾障碍的影响。
There are even studies that look into the relationship between the dark triad and affective disorders such as depression.
甚至还有研究调查黑暗三联征和情感性精神障碍，如抑郁症之问的关系。
We hope we were able to help you understand and distinguish the different personalities of the dark triad.
我们希望能够帮助大家理解并区分黑暗三联征的不同人格特质。
If you're interested in learning more on each of these personalities in other videos, let us know in the comments below. O
如果大家想对以上特质有进一步了解，请在下方评论中告知。
If you found this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe, and share this video with those who might benefit from it.
如果觉得本期祝频有用，请点赞、订阅并和需要的人分享。
大家有没有听过黑暗人格三联征？什么是黑暗人格联征？它是怎么被发现的？
So, the dark triad is three overlapping yet distinct personalities.Subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism.
黑暗三联征是三种重合但又截然不同的人格：亚临床自恋、亚临床精神障碍以及马基雅维里主义。
by subclinical, we mean that someone might show the traits of a narcissist or psychopath,
亚临床指的是，某人可能表现出了自恋或精神病患者的特制，
but they're not severe enough to be diagnosed as a disorder.
但还没有严重到可以被诊断为疾病的程度。
In 2002, Delroy L Paulhus and Kevin M Williams, at the University of British Columbia,
2002年，英属哥伦比亚大学的Delroy L Paulhus 和Kevin M Wiliams
did a study on whether these three personalities were identical
做了一项研究，通过将黑暗三联征的三种人格特质
by comparing the three personality traits of the dark triad with three other psychological aspects.
与三种其他心理方面进行比较，看看这三种人格是否是相同的。
They found that the correlation patterns were very different
他们发现相关模式非常不同，
and concluded that psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism were indeed distinct. So, what's the difference?
并总结到，精神障碍、自恋和马基雅维里主义确实是不同的。那么有什么区别呢？
Narcissists tend to have a large sense of self as they feel entitled and superior to those around them.
自恋者往往有很强的自我意识，因为他们觉得自己比周国的人更优越。
Machiavellianism, on the other hand, tends to be more manipulative and selfish.
而马基雅维里主义控制欲更强且更自私。
And, psychopaths are more insensitive as they lack empathy for others and act without thinking.
精神病患者更麻木，因为他们缺乏同理心，且行为不加思考。
They are all associated with varying degrees of deception, questionable morals and self-interest.©
他们都和不同程度的欺骗、道德问题和自我利益有关。
But what they do have in common is disagreeableness.
但他们都有一个共同点，即与人不善。
It's also thought that there is a relatively high genetic component to all three personality traits.
人们还认为，这三种人格特征都有相对较高的遗传成分。
Interestingly, psychopathy and Machiavellianism are more closely relatedto each other than narcissism.
有趣的是，精神障碍和马基雅维里主义之间的关系比自恋更密切。
Possibly because narcissism is the only one that can grow from a feeling of insecurity. What about sociopaths?
可能是因为自恋是唯一能从不安全感中衍生出来的。那反社会者呢？
It's easy to confuse psychopaths and sociopaths, so you might be wondering: Why aren't sociopaths included in this list?
很容易混淆精神病患者和反社会者，所以你们可能会想：为什么反社会者没有被包含其中呢？
Both are listed as antisocial personality disorders in severe forms and both share a lack of moral judgment and lack of empathy.
两者都被列为严重形式的反社会人格障碍，两者都是缺乏道德判断和同情心。
There are however a few things that distinguish the two.
但这两者之间有一些区别。
Psychopaths are likely to be pathological liars and they rarely feel guiltsince they do whatever they have to to benefit themselves.
精神病患者可能是病态的说谎者，他们很少感到内疚，因为他们会做一切对自己有利的事情。
They're known to be fearless and often good at mimicking behaviors to hide their psychopathic traits.
众所周知，他们无所畏惧，经常善于模仿行为来隐藏他们的精神病特质。
Sociopaths on the other hand tend to have a conscience even if it's weak.
而反社会者往往有良知，即使良知微弱。
Although they are self-centered, they do care for others more than Psychopaths.
虽然他们都是以自我为中心，但他们确实比精神病患者更关心他人
They're also less skilled at hiding their behavior and act in ways that make self-indulgence and lack of empathy more obvious.
他们也不擅长隐藏自己的行为，他们的行为方式让自我放纵，且同理心的缺乏更明显。
Although it's unclear as to why sociopaths are not included in the list,
虽然不清楚为什么反社会者没有被列入名单中，
it could be due to how environmental factors are more influential to the cause of sociopathy than genetics.
这可能是因为环境因素比遗传因素对反社会人格的成因更有影响。
How does someone with one or more of these traits act
那么,患有一种或多种此类特质的人，他们的行为是怎么样的呢？
According to a 10-year review study, members of the dark triad have similar behaviors in a variety of social settings.
根据一项10年回顾性研究，黑暗三联征患者在各种社会环境中都有类似的行为。
In the workplace, for example, they're likely to fit the trope of an entitled boss or leader who is able to charm their way to the top,
例如，在工作场合，他们很可能符合有资历的老板或领导的形象，能够借助魅力爬到顶层，
but not make genuine connections with the people around them. In education, cheating and plagiarism are predictable.
但无法与周围的人建立真诚的联系。教育领域，作弊和剽窃是可以预见的。
This is more associated with psychopathy and Machiavellianism.
这和精神障碍以及马基雅维里主义更相关。
Other than their displays of social entitlement, their behaviors differ more when it comes to interacting with others.
除了表现出社会优越感之外，当涉及与人交往时，他们的行为也更加不同。
Psychopaths tend to give negative first impressions, as they want to appear to be intimidating.
精神病患者倾向于给人消极的第一印象，因为他们想让人觉得他们令人生畏。
They also have an uncanny ability to mimic the behavior of those around them to blend in.
他们还具备一种可怕的能力，能够模仿周围人的行为以混入其中。
People with Machiavellianism along with Psychopaths tend to come off quite cynical and morally suspicious.
患有马基雅维利主义和精神障碍的人往往表现出相当的愤世嫉俗和道德上的怀疑。
Narcissists interestingly have a skewed sense of self and tend to view themselves as far better leaders.
有趣的是，自恋者有一种扭曲的自我意识，常常认为自己
and far more empathetic than they actually come off as. Where do we go from here?
比实际更优秀，更有同情心。我们将走向何方？
As you've seen, recent research has made it possible to distinguish between the dark triad of personality.
正如你所看到的，最近的研究使得区分 黑暗三联征成为可能。
But what does it mean moving forward? Researchers have started to look into the function of the dark triad in the business world.
但向前进意味着什么？研究人员已经开始研究黑暗三联征在商业世界中的作用。
How these personality traits relate to the ability to maximize profits?
这些特质与利益最大化的能力有和关联？
Psychiatrists have also looked at how the dark triad are more vulnerable to addiction disorders.
精神病学家也研究了黑暗三联征会如何更容易受到成瘾障碍的影响。
There are even studies that look into the relationship between the dark triad and affective disorders such as depression.
甚至还有研究调查黑暗三联征和情感性精神障碍，如抑郁症之问的关系。
We hope we were able to help you understand and distinguish the different personalities of the dark triad.
我们希望能够帮助大家理解并区分黑暗三联征的不同人格特质。
If you're interested in learning more on each of these personalities in other videos, let us know in the comments below. O
如果大家想对以上特质有进一步了解，请在下方评论中告知。
If you found this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe, and share this video with those who might benefit from it.
如果觉得本期祝频有用，请点赞、订阅并和需要的人分享。
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