1-11 Are we all MIDDLE CLASS now 8分37秒
THE HISTORY OF ALL HITHERTO EXISTING SOCIETY IS THE HISTORY OF CLASSSTRUGGLE.
-------- KARL MARX
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WHEN THE DISCIPLINE OF SOCIOLOGY WAS FORMING IN THE
EARLY 19TH CENTURY, CLASS WAS ONE OF THE MOST
FREQUENTLY DISCUSSED TOPICS. WHAT IS MEANT BY CLASS, HOW
DIFFERENT CLASSES ARE DEFINED, AND WHETHER CLASS STILL
EXISTS ARE SUBJECTS THAT ARE STILL HOTLY DEBATED BY MANY
SOCIOLOGISTS TODAY.
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Different views of class
Early sociological thinkers Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Émile Durkheim all
wrote about class. Marx is well known for his writings on the subject, which
describe a divide in society between the ruling class, the profit-seeking owners
of businesses, and the people they exploited, the working class, who were
employed in the factories. Weber agreed with Marx that class existed but also
noted that the differences were not only economic. Some jobs, such as being a
minister or priest, were poorly paid but carried a high social status. Other jobs
offered little wealth but, because they made someone an elected state official,
they brought considerable power. For Durkheim, however, the allocation of
people to different classes, based on their abilities, was essential to the smooth
running of society.
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Does class still exist
All three were writing about society in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. It
was easier then to identify class differences. There were sharp divisions between
working-class manual labourers who worked amid the grime of the factory floor
and middle-class, non-manual workers, who worked in clean offices. But is it
easy to define the classes today In 1996, Australian Jan Pakulski and Briton
Malcolm Waters claimed in their work The Death of Class that class has
disappeared in modern society. They argued that globalization, a reduction in the
concentration of wealth, and the decline of traditional industries has made the
concept of class irrelevant. They claimed that nowadays differences between
social classes are based on status, and this is indicated by the ownership of
consumer goods: the clothes you wear, the phone you have, and so on.
Acting middle class
Though class distinctions may be less clear cut these days, the class system itself has not disappeared. As
well as having money, knowing the right people and having middle-class manners can bring many benefits.
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Class is not just about money
However, class appears to be more resilient than Pakulski and Waters thought.
Looking at events since the mid-1990s, society has actually become more
unequal (see What’s our IMPACT on the PLANET ) and two major events in
2016, the EU referendum (“Brexit”) in the UK and the US presidential election,
appeared to show that class identity and class issues are very much alive. Both
results revealed a working class that did not feel represented by a political elite
and voted to change it.
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) argued that class was still
important. He offered a more nuanced understanding of how differences
between social classes remain. Class distinctions, for Bourdieu, are composed of
the combination of three different forms of capital. The first is economic capital,
or how much money someone has. The second is social capital meaning the
connections people have to resources such as money and jobs. The third is
cultural capital, which refers to knowing how to behave (such as how to speak,
what clothes to wear) in certain situations. The debate will continue, but it seems
that class identities have not disappeared.
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BLUE OR WHITE
The terms “blue-collar”, meaning someone who is working class, and “white-collar”, meaning a middle-class office worker, come from the clothing traditionally
worn in the workplace. The blue overalls that manual workers
wore tended not to show dirt or grease. While office workers
favoured white shirts and blouses. Nowadays these terms act as a
useful shorthand.
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48% of people in the US define themselves as working class.
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